Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Subjective appetite |
The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.". |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Primary |
Change in acyl-Ghrelin |
acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Primary |
Change in total-Ghrelin |
total-Ghrelin in pg/mL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Primary |
Change in PYY |
PYY in pg/mL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Primary |
Change in active-GLP-1 |
active-GLP-1 in pg/mL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Primary |
Change in total-GLP-1 |
total-GLP-1 in pg/mL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Primary |
Change in lactate |
insulin in mmol/L |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Explicit liking |
A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely." |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Explicit wanting |
A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely." |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Implicit wanting |
Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation. |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Relative preference |
Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The relative preference is the sum of the times each type of food is chosen, with a maximum value of 48 and a minimum value of 0. |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Fat appeal bias |
Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content. |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Taste appeal bias |
Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories. |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Change in TG |
TG in mg/dL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Change in glucose |
glucose in mg/dL |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Change in insulin |
insulin in mU/L |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Sex hormones |
Sex hormones will be measured, such as estrogen and progesterone |
4 hours during each study intervention |
|
Secondary |
Energy intake |
Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day, and the day following the experiment. |
3 days during each study intervention |
|