Long-term Results of Comprehensive AE Management

Alveolar Echinococcosis Clinical Trial

Official title:

Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Alveolar Echinococcosis : A Single-center, Longterm Observational Study of 312 Patients in Germany

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02509884
• Other study ID #: 166/13
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: July 12, 2015
• Last updated: July 27, 2015
• Start date: January 1992
• Est. completion date: December 2012

Study information

• Verified date: July 2015
• Source: University of Ulm
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Germany: Ethics Commission
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

Comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of Alveolar Echinococcosis : A single-center, long-term observational study of 312 Patients in Germany. Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is the most Iethal human helminthic infection and is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO). Its incidence is low in endemic regions of Central and Western Europe (0.03-0.05/100,000), but morbidity and treatment costs are high. In this observational study, the investigators assessed the severity of the disease using the PNM staging system and report on the long-term results of specific AE therapy in an interdisciplinary team of clinicians.

Description:

All patients with Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) seen at the specialized treatment unit in Ulm between January 1992 and December 2011 were included in the database. Follow up ended on 31.12.2012. Cases were defined to the likelihood of diagnosis as a "possible", "probable" or "confirmed" case . Diagnosis of AE was based on clinical presentation, epidemiological history, pathognomonic imaging findings, specific laboratory results, such as immunodiagnosis or histopathological findings in resected/ biopsied specimens, and/or detection of nucleic acid sequences in such specimens. The location of the larval lesions and its spread at diagnosis was documented using the PNM classification. Treatment with benzimidazoles was followed the WHO-IWGE recommendations. Treatment efficacy was monitored by US examination and FDG-PET scan or MRI. To categorize each case at each visit the terms "cured", "stable" or "progressive" were used. Patients' data was assessed at each visit; missing information was obtained from hospital records or the family doctor. Names were anonymized and data was stored in a Microsoft Excel database. Statistics were done with SAS version 9.3.

The data were stratified into series A containing diagnoses until December 1999 and series B from January 2000 onwards. This separation was chosen as patient admissions to the clinic rose almost 3-fold in 2000 when notification of AE became mandatory in Germany. It can be assumed that series B better represents AE patient characteristics, disease manifestation and comprehensive management; series A includes case histories with favorable prognoses at the time of diagnosis while optimal treatment for AE was still unavailable.

Outcome parameters for this study population were: overall survival after diagnosis, relapse after surgery or progression of remaining liver lesions in size or new lesions in other organs, and time to relapse or progress. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan Meier method.

Parameters with an assumed influence on the time until relapse or progress of the parasitic lesions entered Kaplan Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis, respectively, and hazard ratios (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Logistic regression was used to identify factors which may predict a successful treatment interruption using the odds ratio (OR) as an appropriate outcome parameter.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 312
• Est. completion date: December 2012
• Est. primary completion date: December 2011
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: N/A and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients with AE seen at the specialized treatment unit in Ulm between January 1992 and December 2011.

Study Design

Time Perspective: Retrospective

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Alveolar Echinococcosis
• Echinococcosis, Hepatic

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Ulm

References & Publications (2)

Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA; Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 2010 Apr;114(1):1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001. Epub 2009 Nov 30. Review. — View Citation

Kern P, Wen H, Sato N, Vuitton DA, Gruener B, Shao Y, Delabrousse E, Kratzer W, Bresson-Hadni S. WHO classification of alveolar echinococcosis: principles and application. Parasitol Int. 2006;55 Suppl:S283-7. Epub 2005 Dec 15. Review. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Overall survival after diagnosis,	Survival was estimated by the Kaplan Meier method.	inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012 .Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No
Primary	Relapse after surgery or progression of remaining liver lesions in size or new lesions in other organs	Parameters with an assumed influence on the time until relapse or progress of the parasitic lesions entered Kaplan Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis, respectively, and hazard ratios (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.	inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012.Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No
Primary	Time to relapse or progress		inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012.Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No
Secondary	Symptoms and comorbidities	Specific and unspecific symptoms were less frequent in case series B (44.6%) than in series A (61.1%; Table 4). 90 out of 204 (44.1 %) patients in B did not report any symptoms. Jaundice was more frequent in series A (17.6% vs. 7.8%). The occurrence of any kind of symptoms was closely associated with the disease stage: rates of patients with symptoms increased from 24.2% (stage I), to 32.6% (stage II), 50.8% (stage IIIa), 54.4% (stage IIIb) and 68.0% at stage IV. More cases in series A (56.7%) had no concomitant health problems when first diagnosed with AE. Notably, 18 cases of series B and 1 case of series A suffered from chronic inflammatory or immunologic syndromes including rheumatic disorders. 22 cases (7.1%) suffered from malignant diseases prior to AE diagnosis	inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012. Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No
Secondary	Medical treatment and side effects	Side effects of medical therapy were monitored throughout follow-up, notably more closely during the first six months after start of ABZ. In cases of toxicity to the drug, postprandial ABZ sulfoxide plasma levels were used for guidance, and drug dose was reduced accordingly. For re-exposure ABZ was given at a lower dosage which was slowly raised over a period of one month. Patients with continuing toxicity were switched to MBZ. If toxicity remained, patients had prolonged medication pauses. Phases of non-adherence to the therapy regimen were noted if their duration was >3 months. Such phases due to drug intolerance, misunderstandings or non-compliance of the patients, were defined as "pauses".	inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No
Secondary	Treatment interruption ant potential cure	Treatment efficacy was monitored by US examination and, every 24 months, by alternating FDG-PET/CT scans and MRI.Structured treatment interruption was a goal for patients with an PanyN0M0 status at diagnosis, either after ascertained R0 resection and a two-year BMZ prophylaxis, as well as for patients with non-resectable lesions under the following assumptions 1) marked regression/absence of lesion(s) by imaging, 2) vanished enrichment of FDG around the AE lesion(s) assessed by FDG-PET/CT scan, 3) continuous BMZ medication for at least 2 years, 4) no extrahepatic involvement, 5) absence of any clinical symptoms or signs of illness, 6) marked changes in serology. Such medication-free phases were noted as "interruptions".	inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012.Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No
Secondary	Surgical and interventional treatment	After liver resections, surgical specimen was reviewed by the pathologist and graded as R0, R1, or R2 resections. Patients with R0 resections received ABZ for at least two years as "secondary prophylaxis" as recommended by WHO-IWGE (Anonymous 1996, Brunetti et al 2010). Drug treatment was indefinitely prescribed to patients after incomplete or palliative resections (R1 or R2), to all patients with extrahepatic lesions, and all cases with inoperable liver lesions. Some cases received BMZ days or weeks prior to surgery. Time on drug was noted as well as time on inappropriate dosage or pauses.	inclusion January 1992-December 2011; end of follow-up December 2012.Inclusion January 1992-December 1999 (series A).Inclusion January 2000- December 2011 (series B)	No