Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis — Thoracotomy Effects on Pulmonary Function Test and Chest Expansion
Citation(s)
Rao KE, Krodel D, Toaz EE, Fanelli J, Hajduk J, Kato K, Rychlik K, King E, Sarwark J, Grayhack J, Burjek NE Introduction of an enhanced recovery pathway results in decreased length of stay in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion: A description of implementation strategies and retrospective before-and-after study of outcomes. J Clin Anesth. 2021 Dec;75:110493. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110493. Epub 2021 Sep 2.
Effects of Concave Thoracoplasty on Chest Circumference and Ventilatory Function in Adolescence With Idiopathic Scoliosis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
