ADHD — Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Comorbidities
Citation(s)
Becker SP, Langberg JM, Evans SW Sleep problems predict comorbid externalizing behaviors and depression in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;24(8):897-907. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0636
Belanger SA, Andrews D, Gray C, Korczak D ADHD in children and youth: Part 1-Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Nov;23(7):447-453. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxy109. Epub 2018 Oct 24.
Cardo E, Casanovas S, de la Banda G, Servera M [Soft neurological signs: are they of any value in the assessment and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?]. Rev Neurol. 2008;46 Suppl 1:S51-4. Spanish.
Jensen CM, Steinhausen HC Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2015 Mar;7(1):27-38. doi: 10.1007/s12402-014-0142-1. Epub 2014 Jun 19.
Johansen EB, Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behaviour explained by dysfunctioning reinforcement and extinction processes. Behav Brain Res. 2002 Mar 10;130(1-2):37-45. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00434-x.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
