Acid-Base Balance — Agreement Between Venous and Arterial Blood Gas Measurements in the Intensive Care Unit
Citation(s)
Ak A, Ogun CO, Bayir A, Kayis SA, Koylu R Prediction of arterial blood gas values from venous blood gas values in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006 Dec;210(4):285-90.
Brandenburg MA, Dire DJ Comparison of arterial and venous blood gas values in the initial emergency department evaluation of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Apr;31(4):459-65.
Chu YC, Chen CZ, Lee CH, Chen CW, Chang HY, Hsiue TR Prediction of arterial blood gas values from venous blood gas values in patients with acute respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 Aug;102(8):539-43.
Criscuolo C, Nepper G, Buchalter S Reflex sympathetic dystrophy following arterial blood gas sampling in the intensive care setting. Chest. 1995 Aug;108(2):578-80. Review.
Gokel Y, Paydas S, Koseoglu Z, Alparslan N, Seydaoglu G Comparison of blood gas and acid-base measurements in arterial and venous blood samples in patients with uremic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency room. Am J Nephrol. 2000 Jul-Aug;20(4):319-23.
Kelly AM, Kyle E, McAlpine R Venous pCO(2) and pH can be used to screen for significant hypercarbia in emergency patients with acute respiratory disease. J Emerg Med. 2002 Jan;22(1):15-9.
Kelly AM, McAlpine R, Kyle E Agreement between bicarbonate measured on arterial and venous blood gases. Emerg Med Australas. 2004 Oct-Dec;16(5-6):407-9.
Kelly AM, McAlpine R, Kyle E Venous pH can safely replace arterial pH in the initial evaluation of patients in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2001 Sep;18(5):340-2.
Ma OJ, Rush MD, Godfrey MM, Gaddis G Arterial blood gas results rarely influence emergency physician management of patients with suspected diabetic ketoacidosis. Acad Emerg Med. 2003 Aug;10(8):836-41.
Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate. Emerg Med J. 2006 Aug;23(8):622-4.
Mortensen JD Clinical sequelae from arterial needle puncture, cannulation, and incision. Circulation. 1967 Jun;35(6):1118-23.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
