Smoking Clinical Trial
Official title:
Effectiveness of Scaling and Root Planing With and Without Adjunct Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis Among Cigarette-smokers and Never-smokers: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
This study evaluates the efficacy of scaling and root planing with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP) among cigarette-smokers and never-smokers.
The following inclusion criteria were entailed: (a) Self-reported habitual cigarette-smokers;
(b) self-reported never-smokers; (c) patients with CP (presence of at least 30% sites with ≥
3 mm of CAL and PD ≥ 3 mm 18, 19 ). The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) patients with
systemic diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome/HIV and diabetes mellitus; (b)
habitual smokeless tobacco product and alcohol users; (c) third molars and fractured teeth
with embedded root remnants and edentulous individuals; (d) patients with misaligned teeth;
and (e) patients that reported to have used antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs and/or steroids within the past 90 days.
Demographic information was collected using a questionnaire. Cigarette-smokers (group-1) and
never-smokers (group-2) with chronic periodontitis were included. Treatment wise, these
individuals were divided into two subgroups as follows: (a) SRP alone and (b) SRP with
adjunct aPDT. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], clinical
attachment loss [CAL] and probing pocket depth ≥4mm [PD] were measured at baseline and at 1
month and 3 months' follow-up.
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