Effect of Remifentanil on the Recovery Profile After Prolonged Head and Neck Surgery

Pain Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effect of Remifentanil on the Recovery Profile After Prolonged Head and Neck Surgery

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02416752
• Other study ID #: Remi 2011/421/D SGH
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: April 7, 2015
• Last updated: April 14, 2015
• Start date: August 2011
• Est. completion date: July 2013

Study information

• Verified date: April 2015
• Source: Singapore General Hospital
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Singapore: Institutional Review Board
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

Opioid tolerance in the perioperative period is inevitable especially with ultra-short acting agents such as remifentanil. Existing evidence had shown that opioid induced hyperalgesia due to neuroplastic changes in the central as well as peripheral nervous system leads to sensitization of pro-nociceptive pathways. However there has been a controversy of occurrence of such tolerance following the use of remifentanil and the quality of recovery as compared to conventional opioids. The investigators evaluated the occurrence of opioid tolerance and other significant adverse effects with remifentanil in subjects undergoing head and neck surgeries. The investigators studied ASA physical status I and II adult subjects undergoing elective head and neck procedures, under general anesthesia with minimum expected duration of 2 hours. The remifentanil infusion was used in one group and intermittent boluses of morphine or fentanyl administered in another group. They were evaluated for immediate post-operative pain by using numerical rating scale (NRS), the opioid consumption, post-operative nausea, vomiting, other significant adverse effects of remifentanil and the time to discharge from PACU.

Description:

We have studied 222 of you between the age of 21 and 80 years, over a period of 2 years at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. All of you were ASA I to II and scheduled for elective head and neck surgery with minimum expected duration of 2 hours, requiring general anesthesia. The methodology of this observational study was approved by the International review Board at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Informed consent was obtained from you prior to the procedure. If you had previous history of either drug or alcohol abuse, have been using opioids for long term, mental disorder with difficult to understand pain scoring system, ASA physical status of III and above, your surgical procedure warranting elective postoperative ventilation you would have been excluded from this study. The study was not randomized and the choice of intra-operative opioids were left to the discretion of anesthesiologist attending you.

You were not premedicated and instructed about 11 point numerical rating score after reaching induction room. Upon arrival in the operating room, you were monitored with EKG, non-invasive arterial pressure and pulse oxymetry. The attending anesthesiologist gave you either Remifentanil or conventional opioids at standard doses from the induction of anesthesia to end of surgery. Sevoflurane, desflurane or isoflurane with oxygen air mixture were utilized to maintain anesthesia at the minimum alveolar concentration of 0.8 to 1.2 . Choice of opioid, volatile agent, muscle relaxants, airway was left to the discretion of the anesthesiologist attending the patient. Parameters including type of volatile anesthetic agent, method of air way establishment, the duration of surgery, the remifentanil used (microgram.kg-1 ) and amount of morphine or fentanyl (microgram.kg-1) were documented. Upon arrival to the PACU you were assessed for the pain.

For the first 15 minutes behavioral score (0 - calm patient with no verbal or behavioral manifestation of pain, 1 - behavioral or verbal expression of pain, and 2 - intense behavioral or verbal manifestation [crying or extreme agitation]) were utilized and subsequently numerical rating scale (NRS) was used for every 5 minutes until discharge from the PACU.

Intravenous morphine or fentanyl was used to treat immediate post-operative pain in PACU till the NRS is less than or equal to 3 as per PACU acute pain management protocol. Maximum NRS of pain, amount of morphine or fentanyl used for rescue analgesia, occurrence of either nausea or vomiting and the antiemetic used was gathered every 15 minutes. Upon discharge from the PACU, total opioids consumed, duration of the PACU (defined by time since admission to decision made for discharge by PACU anesthesiologists, to rule out the prolong PACU stay from other reasons) and occurrence of other potential side effects that affect the quality of recovery such as drowsy, nausea, vomiting, shivering and evidence of respiratory suppression ( desaturation or bradypnea ) were documented.

Our primary outcome was amount of opioids used in PACU and the secondary outcomes were the duration of PACU stay and the adverse effects of remifentanil that influence the recovery as stated above.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 222
• Est. completion date: July 2013
• Est. primary completion date: July 2013
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 21 Years to 80 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients with ASA I to II, scheduled for elective head and neck surgery with minimum expected duration of 2 hours, requiring general anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

previous history of either drug or alcohol abuse those who have been using opioids for long term mental disorder with difficult to understand pain scoring system ASA physical status of III and above surgical procedure warranting elective postoperative ventilation

Study Design

Observational Model: Case Control, Time Perspective: Prospective

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Head and Neck Disorder
• Pain

Intervention

Drug:
• Remifentanil
The remifentanil infusion was used intra operatively in remifentanil group and intermittent boluses of morphine or fentanyl administered for conventional opioid group
• choice of intra-operative opioids were left to the discretion of anesthesiologist

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Singapore	Department of Anesthesia Singapore General Hospital	Singapore

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Singapore General Hospital

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Singapore, 

References & Publications (10)

Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C, Sessler DI, Lebrault C, Alfonsi P, Fletcher D, Chauvin M. Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology. 2000 Aug;93(2):409-17. — View Citation

Joly V, Richebe P, Guignard B, Fletcher D, Maurette P, Sessler DI, Chauvin M. Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and its prevention with small-dose ketamine. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jul;103(1):147-55. — View Citation

Kaygusuz K, Yildirim A, Kol IO, Gursoy S, Mimaroglu C. Hypotensive anaesthesia with remifentanil combined with desflurane or isoflurane in tympanoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. J Laryngol Otol. 2008 Jul;122(7):691-5. d — View Citation

Komatsu R, Turan AM, Orhan-Sungur M, McGuire J, Radke OC, Apfel CC. Remifentanil for general anaesthesia: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2007 Dec;62(12):1266-80. Review. — View Citation

Lee LH, Irwin MG, Lui SK. Intraoperative remifentanil infusion does not increase postoperative opioid consumption compared with 70% nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology. 2005 Feb;102(2):398-402. — View Citation

Lee M, Silverman SM, Hansen H, Patel VB, Manchikanti L. A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Physician. 2011 Mar-Apr;14(2):145-61. Review. — View Citation

Manola M, De Luca E, Moscillo L, Mastella A. Using remifentanil and sufentanil in functional endoscopic sinus surgery to improve surgical conditions. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2005;67(2):83-6. Epub 2005 Mar 22. — View Citation

Thompson JP, Rowbotham DJ. Remifentanil--an opioid for the 21st century. Br J Anaesth. 1996 Mar;76(3):341-3. — View Citation

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Bull World Health Orga — View Citation

Yeom JH, Kim KH, Chon MS, Byun J, Cho SY. Remifentanil used as adjuvant in general anesthesia for spinal fusion does not exhibit acute opioid tolerance. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012 Aug;63(2):103-7. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2012.63.2.103. Epub 2012 Aug 14. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Amount of opioids used in PACU in morphine equivalent	average time spent in PACU	90 minutes	Yes
Secondary	Duration of PACU	average time spent in PACU	90 minutes	No
Secondary	Adverse effects of remifentanil	Occurrence of following adverse events such Drowsy, nausea, vomiting, shivering and evidence of respiratory suppression ( desaturation or bradypnea ) were documented.	90 minutes	Yes