Efficiency of Different Gastrocnemius Stretching Exercises

Muscle Tightness Clinical Trial

Official title:

Efficiency of Different Types of Stretching Exercises on Gastrocnemius Tightness

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Not yet recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT06371547
• Other study ID #: BEUFTR-3
• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: May 15, 2024
• Est. completion date: December 15, 2024

Study information

• Verified date: December 2023
• Source: Bitlis Eren University
• Contact: Ömer Dursun, Asst. Prof.
• Phone: 5426088687
• Email: fztomrdrsn[@]gmail.com
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The primary aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different types and durations of gastrocnemius stretching on the viscoelastic properties of the gastrocnemius muscle, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia.In addition, pain threshold of the gastrocnemius muscle and plantar fascia, as well as on hamstring tightness will be measured.

Description:

The study will include a total of at least 48 individuals who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups for gastrocnemius stretching exercises of different durations and types. Participants in Group I will perform sustained stretching with a towel, those in Group II will perform intermittent stretching with a towel, those in Group III will perform sustained stretching against the wall, and those in Group IV will perform intermittent stretching against the wall. The stretching exercises will be performed under the supervision of one of the researcher. Compliance with the stretching exercise will be evaluated by keeping a daily log.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Enrollment: 48
• Est. completion date: December 15, 2024
• Est. primary completion date: October 15, 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 25 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age of 18 to 25 years
• Having a gastrocnemius muscle tightness in the dominant side

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of lower extremity surgery or trauma
• Diagnosis of fibromyalgia, neurological disease, achilles tendinopathy, metatarsalgia, acute ankle sprain, tarsal tunnel syndrome, or heel pad syndrome
• Having received physiotherapy related to the lower extremities within the last six months
• A body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2
• Having received a local steroid injection within the last six weeks
• The presence of a local infection
• The presence of rheumatic or other systemic inflammatory diseases
• Diabetes or other metabolic diseases
• Nerve compression syndrome
• Currently using painkillers
• Diagnosis of neurological heel pain
• A positive navicular drop test result
• Having engaged in strenuous exercise within the last 24 hours
• Not being fully compliant with the exercise program

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Muscle Tightness

Intervention

Other:
• Stretching Exercise
Participants will perform different types and durations of gastrocnemius muscle stretching exercises according to their assigned groups for two weeks.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Turkey	Bitlis Eren University	Bitlis	Merkez

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Bitlis Eren University

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Turkey, 

References & Publications (15)

Ajimsha MS, Binsu D, Chithra S. Effectiveness of myofascial release in the management of plantar heel pain: a randomized controlled trial. Foot (Edinb). 2014 Jun;24(2):66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2014.03.005. Epub 2014 Mar 21. — View Citation

Bolivar YA, Munuera PV, Padillo JP. Relationship between tightness of the posterior muscles of the lower limb and plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jan;34(1):42-8. doi: 10.1177/1071100712459173. — View Citation

Cullen NP, Singh D. Plantar fasciitis: a review. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2006 Feb;67(2):72-6. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2006.67.2.20465. No abstract available. — View Citation

Hirata K, Kanehisa H, Miyamoto N. Acute effect of static stretching on passive stiffness of the human gastrocnemius fascicle measured by ultrasound shear wave elastography. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017 Mar;117(3):493-499. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3550-z. Epub 2017 Feb 4. — View Citation

Kamonseki DH, Goncalves GA, Yi LC, Junior IL. Effect of stretching with and without muscle strengthening exercises for the foot and hip in patients with plantar fasciitis: A randomized controlled single-blind clinical trial. Man Ther. 2016 Jun;23:76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.10.006. Epub 2015 Oct 30. — View Citation

Kanehisa H, Ikegawa S, Tsunoda N, Fukunaga T. Cross-sectional areas of fat and muscle in limbs during growth and middle age. Int J Sports Med. 1994 Oct;15(7):420-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021081. — View Citation

Liu CL, Li YP, Wang XQ, Zhang ZJ. Quantifying the Stiffness of Achilles Tendon: Intra- and Inter-Operator Reliability and the Effect of Ankle Joint Motion. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Jul 14;24:4876-4881. doi: 10.12659/MSM.909531. — View Citation

Masood T, Bojsen-Moller J, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Aarimaa V, Peter Magnusson S, Finni T. Differential contributions of ankle plantarflexors during submaximal isometric muscle action: a PET and EMG study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2014 Jun;24(3):367-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 Mar 20. — View Citation

McPoil TG, Cornwall MW. The relationship between static lower extremity measurements and rearfoot motion during walking. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996 Nov;24(5):309-14. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1996.24.5.309. — View Citation

Monteagudo M, de Albornoz PM, Gutierrez B, Tabuenca J, Alvarez I. Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review. EFORT Open Rev. 2018 Aug 29;3(8):485-493. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170080. eCollection 2018 Aug. — View Citation

Naruseviciute D, Kubilius R. The effect of high-intensity versus low-level laser therapy in the management of plantar fasciitis: randomized participant blind controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Aug;34(8):1072-1082. doi: 10.1177/0269215520929073. Epub 2020 Jun 8. — View Citation

Park G, Kim CW, Park SB, Kim MJ, Jang SH. Reliability and usefulness of the pressure pain threshold measurement in patients with myofascial pain. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011 Jun;35(3):412-7. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.412. Epub 2011 Jun 30. — View Citation

Porter D, Barrill E, Oneacre K, May BD. The effects of duration and frequency of Achilles tendon stretching on dorsiflexion and outcome in painful heel syndrome: a randomized, blinded, control study. Foot Ankle Int. 2002 Jul;23(7):619-24. doi: 10.1177/107110070202300706. — View Citation

Schwartz EN, Su J. Plantar fasciitis: a concise review. Perm J. 2014 Winter;18(1):e105-7. doi: 10.7812/TPP/13-113. — View Citation

Weerasinghe TW, Goonetilleke RS, Reischl U. Pressure thresholds and stiffness on the plantar surface of the human foot. Ergonomics. 2017 Jul;60(7):985-996. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1229042. Epub 2016 Sep 26. — View Citation

* Note: There are 15 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Dominant Leg Determination	To determine the dominant lower extremity of the individuals to be included in the study, they will be asked the question 'which foot do you use to kick a ball?	At the baseline
Other	Navicular Drop Test	The navicular drop test will be used to evaluate the medial longitudinal arch of the individuals participating in the study. The test will be performed in two different positions: sitting and standing. First, in the sitting position, the navicular tuberosity of the individual will be marked with a pen, and the distance to the ground will be measured. Then, the individual will be asked to stand up and transfer all body weight onto their feet, and again the distance between the navicular tuberosity and the ground will be measured. A difference of more than 10 mm between the two measurements indicates that the individual's foot is in pronation.	At the baseline
Other	Self-reported Effects of Stretching Exercises	"Participants in the study will be asked to mark any symptoms such as muscle fatigue or pain they experience in any part of their body on a body diagram and rate the severity of these symptoms on a numeric rating scale from 0 to 10."	Change from baseline self-reported effects of stretching exercises at seventh and fourteen day
Other	The Satisfaction Level with the Stretching	The satisfaction level with the stretching treatment will be evaluated using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Participants will be asked to rate their satisfaction level with the stretching treatment, and they will be asked to score between 0% and 100%. A score of 0% indicates 'no effect' while 100% indicates 'very satisfied'.	Change from baseline at seventh and fourteen day
Other	Compliance with Stretching Exercise Program	The participants' compliance with the stretching exercise program was categorized based on the percentage of required sets and repetitions completed: (1) fully compliant if 85% were completed, (2) partially compliant if 70% to 84% were completed, (3) poorly compliant if 50% to 69% were completed, and (4) noncompliant if 10% to 49% were completed.	Change from baseline at fourteen day
Primary	Measurement of the Viscoelastic Properties	The effect of stretches on the viscoelastic properties of the stretched muscle and its associated anatomical regions will be evaluated non-invasively using the myotonometer. Measurements will be taken on the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia. The measurement areas will be marked prior to measurement. Measurements of the gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon will be taken with individuals lying prone, knees extended, and ankles in a neutral position. Measurement of plantar fascia tone will be taken with individuals lying prone, hips in neutral, knees extended, ankles in neutral position with goniometer assistance, and supported. All measurements will be taken three times, and the averages will be recorded.	Change from baseline viscoelastic properties at seventh and fourteen day
Primary	Ankle-foot Dorsiflexion Index	The ankle-foot dorsiflexion index will be used to assess both the tightness of the gastrocnemius muscle and the effectiveness of stretches. The individual's dorsiflexion range of motion will be measured using the lunge test, with measurements taken in both knee extension and flexion positions, and the difference between these measurements will be recorded as the ankle-foot dorsiflexion index.	Change from baseline ankle dorsiflexion range of motion at seventh and fourteen day
Secondary	Measurement of the Mechanosensitivity	The effect of stretching on pain threshold will be assessed using an analog algometer. Pain threshold measurements will be taken on the gastrocnemius and plantar fascia. The measurement points for the gastrocnemius muscle will be the same as the viscoelastic measurement points. The measurement point for the plantar fascia will be the point where the plantar fascia attaches to the heel. Pain threshold measurements will be taken with the individual lying prone, with their feet hanging off the treatment bed. Measurements will be taken at each point with a 30-second interval, and three measurements will be taken for each point. The averages of these measurements will be calculated.	Change from baseline pain at seventh and fourteen day
Secondary	Assessment of Hamstring Tightness	The hamstring muscle tightness in the individuals participating in the study will be assessed using the straight leg raise test. The straight leg raise test is particularly used to evaluate the tightness and elasticity of the hamstring muscles. For the test, the individual will be positioned in a supine lying position with the hip and knee joints in a neutral position. Subsequently, while the knee is in extension, the hip will gradually be brought into flexion. Hip flexion will be stopped when the individual feels discomfort from the tension behind the hip. Then, using a goniometer, the angle formed between the individual's lower extremity and the treatment bed will be measured. The center of the goniometer will be placed on the greater trochanter, with one arm along the lateral thigh and the other arm parallel to the treatment bed. An angle of 80 degrees is considered normal. The measurement will be repeated three times, and the average of the three measurements will be calculated.	Change from baseline hamstring tightness at seventh and fourteen day