Effect of Medication Diaries on Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Drugs Among HIV-1 Infected Kenyan Children

HIV Infections Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effect of Medication Diaries on Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Drugs Among HIV-1 Infected Kenyan Children

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT00194545
• Other study ID #: 04-1519-D 02
• Status: Completed
• Phase: Phase 2
• First received: September 12, 2005
• Last updated: July 5, 2012
• Start date: July 2004
• Est. completion date: December 2006

Study information

• Verified date: July 2012
• Source: University of Washington
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: United States: Food and Drug Administration
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Following significant reduction in antiretroviral drug prices over the past two years, more HIV-1 infected African adults and children are gaining access to treatment. However, due to complex drug regimens that have to be taken continuously, suboptimal adherence is likely to be a formidable challenge. As programs providing antiretroviral drugs in Africa scale up, achievement of excellent adherence is a high priority as this will result in maximum benefits from the drugs and forestall development of resistant virus. A better understanding of predictors of pediatric HAART adherence in African children is essential in order to formulate feasible, culturally appropriate, strategies to monitor and enhance adherence. There is also urgent need to evaluate simple, inexpensive interventions that are widely applicable in the African setting. The medication diary has been used empirically among HIV infected adults and children in Western countries, mainly as a tool for monitoring and to a lesser extent improving HAART adherence. Literacy levels have risen significantly in most African regions over the past few years, and the diary can also be further modified using pictures to suit parents of different literacy levels. We propose to conduct a randomized control trial to determine the effect of medication diaries and counseling versus counseling alone on HAART-adherence in HIV-1 infected children and their parents/caregivers in Nairobi Kenya.

Description:

Study design: This is a randomized trial comparing adherence to antiretroviral drugs and clinical outcomes between 50 HIV-1 infected Kenyan children randomized to a simple medication diary plus standard counseling with a similar group of children randomized to counseling alone.

Study procedures:

Parents or caregivers of HIV-1 infected children discharged from the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) children's wards or seen in pediatric outpatient clinics will be invited to participate in the study by nurse counselors. Informed written consent will be obtained from those who meet eligibility criteria and agree to participate. The consenting process will be done by the principal investigator in a confidential area. A baseline questionnaire will be administered to obtain socio-demographic information and previous medical history of the parents/caregiver and child. All those enrolled will undergo three sessions of counseling conducted by a trained nurse counselor regarding antiretroviral therapy over a two-week period.

After successful completion of the counseling process, 8 mls of blood will be drawn from each child for liver function tests, urea, blood count including hemoglobin, CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load.

After receiving results of the laboratory tests, children will be randomized to two groups. Those in the first group will be given a medication diary in which caregivers will record the child's daily intake of antiretroviral drugs. Those in the second group will be followed up without a diary. Children in both groups will be started on three antiretroviral drugs: zidovudine, nevirapine, and lamivudine. Caregivers will be requested to bring to the next clinic appointments drug containers for the past month's prescriptions. Those in the intervention arm will be requested to carry the medication diaries to all appointments.

Follow-up: Clinic appointments will be planned for 2 weeks after initiating antiretroviral therapy and at monthly intervals thereafter. At each visit, adherence will be monitored using self report using the pediatric adherence questionnaire. Pill counts will be performed at 3-monthly intervals. A study nurse will review the medication diary with each parent/caregiver in the intervention study arm, and address any issues raised about the diary use.

At 3,6, and 9 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, 8 mls of blood will be drawn from each child for liver function tests, urea, blood count including hemoglobin, CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load, and antiretroviral drug resistance.

In-depth interviews will be conducted with caregivers to cover a broad range of experiences.

The second two aims of this study are summarized below:

Aim 2): Define correlates of adherence measured by self report to specific components of a pediatric HAART regimen in HIV-1 infected children initiating therapy in Nairobi, Kenya.

Aim 3) Identify behavioral and social problems experienced by caregivers in relation to paediatric HAART adherence and define mechanisms to improve adherence.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 100
• Est. completion date: December 2006
• Est. primary completion date: November 2006
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 18 Months to 12 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• parents/caregivers planning to reside in Nairobi for at least one year after initiation of antiretroviral therapy

• HIV-1 infected children between ages 18 months to 12 years with symptomatic disease (WHO stage II or III) and/or CD4 <20% [where CD4 counts available]

Exclusion Criteria:

• previous use of antiretroviral drugs by the child apart from drugs taken as part of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV

• children with end-stage AIDS including widespread disseminated malignancy, and generalized severe encephalopathy

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• HIV Infections

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Medication diaries
Caregivers expected to complete medication diaries daily

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Kenya	University of Nairobi	Nairobi

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Washington	National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Kenya, 

References & Publications (4)

Farquhar C, Wamalwa D, Selig S, John-Stewart G, Mabuka J, Majiwa M, Sutton W, Haigwood N, Wariua G, Lohman-Payne B. Immune responses to measles and tetanus vaccines among Kenyan human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children pre- and post-h — View Citation

Wamalwa DC, Farquhar C, Obimbo EM, Selig S, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Richardson BA, Overbaugh J, Egondi T, Inwani I, John-Stewart G. Medication diaries do not improve outcomes with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Kenyan children: a randomized clinical tri — View Citation

Wamalwa DC, Farquhar C, Obimbo EM, Selig S, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Richardson BA, Overbaugh J, Emery S, Wariua G, Gichuhi C, Bosire R, John-Stewart G. Early response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children. J Acquir Immune Defi — View Citation

Wamalwa DC, Obimbo EM, Farquhar C, Richardson BA, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Inwani I, Benki-Nugent S, John-Stewart G. Predictors of mortality in HIV-1 infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a prospective cohort. BMC Pediatr. 2010 May 18;10:33. doi: — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	HIV-1 RNA		9 months	No
Secondary	Follow-up CD4% and adherence		6 months, 15 months	No