Graham TE, MacLean DA Ammonia and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle: human, rodent and canine models. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jan;30(1):34-46. Review.
Graham TE, Sgro V, Friars D, Gibala MJ Glutamate ingestion: the plasma and muscle free amino acid pools of resting humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;278(1):E83-9.
Graham TE, Turcotte LP, Kiens B, Richter EA Effect of endurance training on ammonia and amino acid metabolism in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 May;29(5):646-53. Review.
Mourtzakis M, Graham TE Glutamate ingestion and its effects at rest and during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Oct;93(4):1251-9.
Wagenmakers AJ Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1998;26:287-314. Review.
Glutamate Supplementation and Its Effects on Skeletal Muscle Glucose Metabolism During an Oral Glucose Challenge in Healthy Young Men
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
