Glucose Response Clinical Trial
Official title:
Effects of Liquid Oil vs Oleogel Co-ingested With a Carbohydrate-rich Meal on Human Blood Triglycerides, Glucose, Insulin and Appetite.
The objective of the present study is to compare the effects of liquid or solid state of food on glycaemia, lipaemia and insulinaemia. 25 participants aged between 21 and 45 years will be recruited from the general public in Singapore. Fingerpricks and cannulation may cause minor discomfort and there may be some slight bruising around the site. Fingerpricks and cannulation will be done by an experienced research nurse or a trained research officer to minimize participant discomfort. If bruising does occur, it should disappear within one day and it should not affect participants' regular daily activity. Participants will be limited to a maximum of one test per week. In addition, blood collection will be carried out in a sterile designated area and thus the risk of infection will be very low. On rare occasions, participants may feel unwell during or after the testing session. We have several metabolic suites with beds for these individuals to rest on. The research nurse and research officers will monitor the individuals' condition and they will be provided with a ride home if required. All the study foods will be prepared in a hygienic manner in a purpose-built research kitchen maintained to the highest hygiene standards. The research staff has undergone basic training in food hygiene procedures. Hence, the risk of infective acute gastroenteritis will be minimal. Participants will be provided with some snacks at the end of each testing session. They will also be reimbursed to compensate for their time and costs associated with travel and parking at the completion of the study. In addition, participants will be provided with their blood glucose, blood pressure, and body composition results, with a brief interpretation of these at the conclusion of the study.
Design: This will be a randomised, crossover study with five sessions in total. 1.) Instant
rice porridge with orange juice, 2.) Instant rice porridge with palm oil, with orange juice
3.) Instant rice porridge with palm oleogel, with orange juice 4.) Instant rice porridge with
liquid rice bran oil, with orange juice 5.) Instant rice porridge with rice bran oleogel,
with orange juice
Study population: Healthy Chinese males (BMI 18-25 kgm-2) with body weight >/=45 kg, aged
21-45 years with normal fasting blood glucose (<6.0 mM), will be recruited from the general
public in Singapore. The exclusion criteria are people with major chronic disease such as
heart disease, cancer or diabetes mellitus, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)
deficiency, glucose intolerance, intolerances or allergies to test products, as well as
individuals who are taking insulin or drugs known to affect glucose metabolism. People with a
major medical or surgical event requiring hospitalization within the preceding 3 months,
individuals with the presence of disease or drugs which influence digestion and absorption of
nutrients, people who are on any therapeutic diet/ drug therapy and smokers will be excluded.
Screening visit: During the screening session, participants will receive an informed consent
form and given ample time to go through it and rectify any queries they have. If they decide
to take part in the study, they will be asked to sign the informed consent form. They will
then be asked to complete a screening questionnaire, baseline measurements including
anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and physical activity level will be collected
from each participant in order to determine their eligibility. Body weight and body
composition will be measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Height will be measured
using a stadiometer in order to calculate participants' BMI. Blood pressure will also be
measured. All measurements will be taken in duplicate. Participants will then be scheduled
for the 5 subsequent test visits. The screening visit will take approximately 1 hour.
Screening questionnaire: The screening questionnaire will include contact information,
demographic, general health details, and physical activity level. This information will be
used to determine whether the participant is eligible for the study, as well as to check for
any possible confounders that may influence the study outcomes. Physical activity level will
be measured using a previously validated international physical activity questionnaire.
Meal composition: The test meal will consist of cooking oil (palm oil or rice bran oil in
either liquid or gelled form made with ethylcellulose), orange juice and commercially
available instant porridge.
Test visits: During the testing sessions, participants' glycaemic, insulinaemic, and lipaemic
responses to the test meals will be measured. Participants' metabolic satiety for the test
meals will also be assessed at regular intervals throughout the testing session. The test
duration for each treatment is 6.5 hours and the testing sessions will take place at least 1
week apart. Subjects will be instructed to avoid strenuous physical activity for at least 3
days and avoid caffeine and alcohol consumption for at least 1 day prior to visiting the CNRC
for their study trials. Participants will be asked to standardise their diets and to refrain
from alcohol and exercise the day before their testing sessions. At the beginning of the
testing session, a cannula will be inserted into participants' arms. One fasting blood sample
will be collected by fingerprick and venous cannulation. A drop of blood will be collected
into a HemoCue® cuvette (Helsingborg, Sweden) for blood glucose analysis. In addition, 5
milliliters of venous blood will be collected into Vacutainers® (Belton Dickinson
Diagnostics) containing disodium EDTA for the analyses of plasma triglyceride, insulin and
non-esterified fatty acids concentrations. Participants will then consume treatment meal
within 10 minutes. Blood samples will be taken at baseline, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150
and 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 minutes. The amount of blood that will be collected
at every time point will be approximately 5 mL. A maximum of 16 blood samples for will be
collected by fingerprick and cannulation. A total of 400mL approximately of blood will be
taken for the study. Glycaemic, insulinaemic, and lipaemic responses will be determined using
the method described by Wolever and Jenkins. The area under the curve will be determined as
the area of those increments above baseline only.
Participants will also be asked to rate their 'liking' for the test meal. Participants will
rate their 'overall liking' for the test meal on a 100 mm VAS anchored with 'dislike
extremely' (0 mm), 'neither like or dislike' (50 mm) and 'like extremely' (100 mm)
immediately after they consume the test meal. Metabolic satiety: On the testing session days,
participants will be asked to record their appetite ratings on a 100 mm visual analogue scale
(VAS) immediately before they consume the test meal, then at every 30 minutes interval as
peak changes are usually observed at 15-30 minutes after a test meal, based on previous
studies.. The appetite-rating questionnaire will include questions on hunger, desire to eat,
prospective consumption, fullness, and preoccupation with thoughts of food.
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