DECIDE: A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Metformin Versus Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Trial

— DECIDE  

Official title:

DECIDE: A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Oral Metformin Versus Injectable Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Not yet recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT06445946
• Other study ID #: 2024H0193
• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Phase: Phase 4
• Start date: July 2024
• Est. completion date: December 2030

Study information

• Verified date: June 2024
• Source: Ohio State University
• Contact: Kartik Venkatesh, MD, PhD
• Phone: 614-293-2222
• Email: kartik.venkatesh[@]osumc.edu
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This is a non-inferiority patient-centered and pragmatic comparative-effectiveness pregnancy randomized controlled trial (RCT) with postpartum maternal and child follow-up through 2 years of 1,572 individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) randomized to oral metformin versus injectable insulin.

This study will determine if metformin is not inferior to insulin in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes, is comparably safe for exposed individuals and children, and if patient-reported factors, including facilitators of and barriers to use, differ between metformin and insulin. A total of 1,572 pregnant individuals with GDM who need pharmacotherapy will be recruited at 20 U.S. sites using consistent treatment criteria to metformin versus insulin. Participants and their children will be followed through delivery to two years postpartum.

Description:

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy. Glycemic control decreases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes for the pregnant individual with GDM and the infant exposed in utero (1). One in four individuals with GDM will require pharmacotherapy to achieve glycemic control. Insulin has been the mainstay of pharmacotherapy. Metformin is an alternative option increasingly used in clinical practice (2). Both insulin and metformin reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, but comparative effectiveness data from a well-characterized, adequately powered, and diverse U.S. population remain lacking (3). Because metformin crosses the placenta, long-term safety data, in particular the risk of childhood obesity, from exposed children are also needed. In addition, the patient-reported experiences of individuals with GDM requiring pharmacotherapy remains to be characterized, including barriers for and facilitators of metformin versus insulin use.

In a two-arm open-label, pragmatic comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial (RCT), the DECIDE Study will examine whether metformin is not inferior to insulin in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes and is comparably safe for exposed mothers and children, and whether patient-reported factors, including facilitators of and barriers to use, differ between metformin versus insulin use. The DECIDE Study Consortium will recruit and retain 1,572 pregnant individuals with GDM who need pharmacotherapy at 20 U.S. sites to metformin versus insulin and follow them and their children through delivery and then to 2-years

Primary aim:

To evaluate whether outcomes in pregnant individuals randomized to metformin are not inferior to those in pregnant individuals randomized to insulin for the composite adverse neonatal outcome defined as large-for-gestational-age birthweight (LGA), hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, or death.

Secondary aims:

1. To evaluate whether mean child body mass index (BMI) at 2 years of age is higher in the offspring of pregnant individuals randomized to metformin.

2. To conduct a qualitative or mixed-methods analyses on a subgroup of participants to understand facilitators and barriers associated with metformin versus insulin use and heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) to facilitate evidence-based pharmacotherapy.

3. To evaluate whether pregnant individuals randomized to metformin have equivalent maternal (hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, gestational weight gain, mode of delivery, and obstetric anal sphincter injuries) and neonatal (preterm birth, mechanical ventilation, NICU admission, oxygen support, and respiratory distress syndrome) outcomes.

4. To evaluate whether pregnant individuals randomized to metformin have equivalent maternal (obesity, anthropometry, adiposity, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, and metabolic profile) and child (obesity, anthropometry, and adiposity) outcomes at 2-years postpartum.

5. To evaluate whether pregnant individuals randomized to metformin have equivalent patient-reported outcomes (PROs), as measured at 6 weeks postpartum and at 2 years postpartum.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Enrollment: 1572
• Est. completion date: December 2030
• Est. primary completion date: December 2029
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Singleton gestation. Twin reduction to singleton, either spontaneously or therapeutically, is eligible if it occurred before 14 weeks gestational age.

• Age 18 years or older

• Gestational age at randomization between 20 0/7 - 31 6/7 weeks based on project gestational age.

• GDM diagnosis between 20 0/7 - 31 6/7 weeks based on project gestational age.

• Requires medication for glucose control defined as = 30% elevated glucose values (either fasting or postprandial or both) in the week prior to randomization per determination of the provider or documented in the medical record.

• Patient willingness and ability to attend 2-year follow-up visit.

Exclusion criteria:

• Renal disease (serum creatinine >1.3 mg/dL) due to the potential impact of metformin on renal function.

• Major structural malformation of the fetus.

• Known fetal aneuploidy based on invasive testing or positive for aneuploidy on cell-free fetal DNA screening.

• Contraindication to metformin or insulin, including: history of lactic acidosis, intractable nausea and vomiting, prior documented allergy and/or anaphylaxis.

• Pregestational diabetes documented in the medical record, GDM diagnosis <20 weeks, or prior A1c>6.5%

• Fasting hyperglycemia >115 mg/dl for = 50% of fasting glucose values in the past week (due to the high risk of metformin failure with fasting hyperglycemia).

• Enrolled in a trial that influences primary study outcomes (composite neonatal outcome at delivery or childhood body mass index at 2 years).

• Prenatal care or delivery planned at a location where access to the complete electronic medical record will not be available to research staff.

• Language barrier (appropriate translation resources unavailable at the site)

• Participation in this trial in a previous pregnancy. Patients who were screened in a previous pregnancy, but not randomized, may be included.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes, Gestational
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
• Pregnancy, High Risk

Intervention

Drug:
• Metformin
Individuals randomized to this arm will receive oral metformin tablets for their Gestational diabetes mellitus treatment.
• Insulin
Individuals randomized to this arm will receive injectable insulin for their Gestational diabetes mellitus treatment.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	University of New Mexico	Albuquerque	New Mexico
United States	University of Texas Austin	Austin	Texas
United States	Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center	Boston	Massachusetts
United States	Massachusetts General Hospital	Boston	Massachusetts
United States	Tufts University	Boston	Massachusetts
United States	University of North Carolina Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill	North Carolina
United States	The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center OB/GYN Maternal and Fetal Medicine	Columbus	Ohio
United States	Premier Health - Miami Valley Hospital	Dayton	Ohio
United States	University of South Carolina Greenville	Greenville	South Carolina
United States	University of Texas Health Science Center	Houston	Texas
United States	Cedars Sinai Medical Center	Los Angeles	California
United States	Columbia University Irving Medical Center	New York	New York
United States	Christiana Care	Newark	Delaware
United States	Eastern Virginia Medical School	Norfolk	Virginia
United States	University of Pittsburgh	Pittsburgh	Pennsylvania
United States	Brown University	Providence	Rhode Island
United States	University of California San Francisco	San Francisco	California
United States	University of South Florida	Tampa	Florida
United States	University of Alabama	Tuscaloosa	Alabama
United States	Wake Forest University	Winston-Salem	North Carolina

Sponsors (3)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Ohio State University	Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, The George Washington University Biostatistics Center

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (3)

Venkatesh KK, Chiang CW, Castillo WC, Battarbee AN, Donneyong M, Harper LM, Costantine M, Saade G, Werner EF, Boggess KA, Landon MB. Changing patterns in medication prescription for gestational diabetes during a time of guideline change in the USA: a cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2022 Feb;129(3):473-483. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16960. Epub 2021 Nov 8. — View Citation

Venkatesh KK, Lynch CD, Powe CE, Costantine MM, Thung SF, Gabbe SG, Grobman WA, Landon MB. Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Pregnant Individuals With Gestational Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2014-2020. JAMA. 2022 Apr 12;327(14):1356-1367. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.3189. — View Citation

Venkatesh KK, Wu J, Trinh A, Cross S, Rice D, Powe CE, Brindle S, Andreatta S, Bartholomew A, MacPherson C, Costantine MM, Saade G, McAlearney AS, Grobman WA, Landon MB. Patient Priorities, Decisional Comfort, and Satisfaction with Metformin versus Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Perinatol. 2023 Dec 4. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1777334. Online ahead of print. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	A neonatal composite adverse outcome of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birthweight, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and/or death.	LGA will be defined as a birthweight =90th%tile for gestational age based on a US birth certificate reference adjusted for parity and/or fetal sex. Neonatal hypoglycemia will be defined as a blood glucose <35 mg/dL or treatment <24 hours after birth with either IV, PO, or gel glucose therapy. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia will be defined as treated with phototherapy or exchange transfusion in the first postnatal week and either treatment in the first postnatal week or kernicterus. Fetal or neonatal death can be due to any indication between randomization to hospital discharge or 30 days postnatal if still hospitalized (excluding voluntary pregnancy termination).	LGA at birth. Hypoglycemia <24 hours after birth. Hyperbilirubinemia within the first week after birth. Death between randomization to hospital discharge or 30 days postnatal.
Primary	Child body mass index (BMI) at 2 years of age	Child BMI measured in kg/m2 as a continuous measure standardized using U.S. CDC reference adjusted for child sex	2 years of age.
Secondary	Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, HDP (maternal)	HDP will include either gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. Gestational hypertension will be defined as: systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more on two occasions at least 4 hours apart after 20 weeks of gestation in a woman with a previously normal blood pressure. Preeclampsia will be defined as: above blood pressure criteria AND proteinuria (300 mg or more per 24 hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio of 0.3 mg/dL or more, or dipstick reading of 2+) OR thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100 109/L), renal insufficiency (serum creatinine greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of other renal disease), impaired liver function (elevated blood concentrations of liver transaminases to twice normal concentration), pulmonary edema, new-onset headache or visual symptoms not attributed to other diagnoses.	Randomization to delivery
Secondary	Gestational weight gain (maternal)	Gestational weight gain between weight at first prenatal visit and weight at delivery based on z-score and defined as excess versus within Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations based on first pregnancy BMI.	Initiation of prenatal care to delivery
Secondary	Mode of delivery (maternal)	Cesarean delivery or vaginal delivery	At birth
Secondary	Obstetric perineal/anal sphincter injuries (maternal)	First degree: Injury to perineal skin only; Second degree: Injury to perineum involving perineal muscles but not involving anal sphincter; Third degree: Injury to perineum involving anal sphincter complex, including 3a: Less than 50% of external anal sphincter thickness torn; 3b: More than 50% external anal sphincter thickness torn; and 3c: Both external anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter torn; and Fourth degree: Injury to perineum involving anal sphincter complex (external anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter) and anal epithelium.	At birth
Secondary	Preterm birth (child)	Preterm birth <37 weeks and <34 weeks based on project gestational age	At birth
Secondary	Requiring mechanical ventilation (child)	Intubation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for ventilation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation within first 72 hours of birth	<72 hours after birth
Secondary	NICU admission (child)	Admitted to NICU or intermediate nursery =72 hours, any indication	Birth to delivery discharge.
Secondary	Oxygen support (child)	Requiring oxygen support	<72 hours after birth
Secondary	Respiratory distress syndrome (child)	Signs of respiratory distress with oxygen requirement and confirmed by chest x-ray.	Anytime during the first 72 hours after birth
Secondary	Body mass index (BMI) (maternal)	Continuous measure, using standardized protocol as kg/m2.	2-year follow-up
Secondary	Obesity overall and by class (maternal)	BMI per the following classifications: Normal or underweight: < 25 kg/m2; Overweight: 25 to < 30 kg/m2; Class 1: 30 to < 35 kg/m2; Class 2: 35 to < 40 kg/m2; and Class 3: 40 kg/m2 or greater.	2-year follow-up
Secondary	Anthropometry (maternal)	Waist circumference, continuous measures in cm	2-year follow-up
Secondary	Anthropometry (maternal)	Hip circumference, continuous measures in cm	2-year follow-up
Secondary	Anthropometry (maternal)	Waist - to - hip ratio, continuous measure	2-year follow-up
Secondary	Adiposity (maternal)	Triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds, continuous measures in cm	2 year follow-up
Secondary	Type 2 diabetes (maternal)	A1c > 6.5% OR fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL OR OGTT > 200 mg/dL OR prior diagnosis per patient report	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Prediabetes (maternal)	A1c 5.7% to 6.4% OR fasting plasma glucose 100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dL OR OGTT 140 to 199 mg/dL	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Hypertension (maternal)	Per American Heart Association criteria as below and/or antihypertensive medication or prior diagnosis per patient report, and defined as: Elevated: Systolic between 120-129 and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg; Stage 1: Systolic between 130-139 or diastolic between 80-89 mm Hg; and Stage 2: Systolic at least 140 or diastolic at least 90 mm Hg.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Cholesterol (maternal)	Fasting state, defined as a continuous measure and dichotomous at the following thresholds for each component: Total cholesterol: > 200 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol: > mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: < 40 mg/dL; Triglycerides: > 200 mg/dL.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Hemoglobin A1c (maternal)	Continuous measure, percentage.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Overweight (child)	BMI =85th%tile for age and sex.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Obesity (child)	BMI =95th%tile for age and sex.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Anthropometry (child)	Abdominal circumference; age- and sex-adjusted per WHO z-scores for arm circumference.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Adiposity (child)	Triceps/subscapular skinfold thickness > 90th%tile for age and sex; individual and sum of measures.	2-year follow-up.
Secondary	Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)	The TSQM (version 1.4) comprises 14 items across four domains focusing on effectiveness (three items), side effects (five items), convenience (three items), and global satisfaction (three items) of the medication over the previous 2-3 weeks. With the exception of item 4 (presence of side effects; yes or no), all items have five or seven responses, scored from one (least satisfied) to five or seven (most satisfied). Item scores are summed to give four domain scores, which are in turn transformed to a scale of 0-100. Item 4 was not included for scoring.	6-weeks postpartum.
Secondary	Questionnaire on Acceptability of Treatment	A set of 5 questions developed in the Rowan et al. RCT assessing patient adherence, preferences, and experiences with metformin versus insulin for GDM (Rowan et al., NEJM, 2008).	6-weeks postpartum.