Epilepsy in Children Clinical Trial
Official title:
Biochemical Role of Nucleotide Protein -3 That Activate the Interleukin-1B in Epileptic Children
Epilepsy is one of common serious neurological malfunction, characterized by recurrent
unprovoked seizures. It always accompanied with multitude of complications as cognitive,
behavioral, and psychiatric disorders.
Experimental studies and clinical evidence obtained in animal models of epilepsy and human
brain specimen from various drug-resistant forms of epilepsy show the activation of the
innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms and the induction of the associated inflammatory
processes in the epileptogenic foci.
Epilepsy affects approximately 1% of the world population. Lifetime prevalence of childhood
and adolescence epilepsy (children <18 years) in Upper Egypt was 9.7/1000, with higher
prevalence among children <12 years (10.8/1000).
There is a clear cause for epilepsy in only a minority of the cases, while in up to70% of all
case of epilepsy in adults and children, no cause can be discovered. Some of the main causes
of epilepsy include: Low oxygen during birth, head injuries that occur during birth or from
accidents during youth or adulthood, brain tumors, infections such as meningitis or
encephalitis, stroke or any other type of damage to the brain.
A role of inflammatory molecules in the generation of seizures had been first investigated
when selected anti-inflammatory treatments, in particular, steroids, immuno-globulins, and
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), were shown to control seizures in pediatric epilepsies
refractory to conventional anticonvulsive drugs. In addition, specific epileptic disorders
have been associated with the presence of neuronal antigen-directed antibodies in plasma or
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
A nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) are cytosolic proteins that include key
regulators of apoptosis and pathogen resistance in mammals and plants. A large number of NODs
contain leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), hence referred to as NOD-LRR proteins. The NLRP3 gene
provides instructions for making a protein called cryopyrin. Cryopyrin is a member of a
family of proteins called nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR)
proteins. NLR family have two common features: the first is a nucleotide-binding
oligomerization domain which is bound by ribonucleotide-phosphates (rNTP) and is important
for self-oligomerization. The second is a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat, which serves as a
ligand-recognition domain for other receptors (e.g. Toll like receptor (TLR)) or microbial
ligands, while NLRP3 has been identified in microglial cells.
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