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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Not yet recruiting

Administrative data

NCT number NCT06096181
Other study ID # STUDY00002614
Secondary ID
Status Not yet recruiting
Phase Phase 2
First received
Last updated
Start date December 2023
Est. completion date June 2028

Study information

Verified date October 2023
Source Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Contact Glenn Tan
Phone 3104235841
Email glenn.tan@cshs.org
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority
Study type Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis may need surgery to correct their scoliosis. General anesthesia is required for this surgery, and a multimodal analgesic regimen using combinations of opioid and non-opioid medications is the standard of care. The purpose of this study is to compare two combinations of total intravenous anesthetic medications in children with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis having posterior spinal fusion surgery. Participants in the study will be randomly selected to receive either Propofol and Remifentanil or Propofol and Dexmedetomidine as their total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). TIVA is favored over gas anesthesia because gas anesthesia can affect the neurological monitoring necessary for this surgery. The first combination (Propofol + Remifentanil) is the most common one used for this surgery at our institution, and the second combination (Propofol + Dexmedetomidine) is more commonly used in adult spine surgery. Though Dexmedetomidine is not approved for pediatric use by the FDA, it is widely used in pediatric patients for procedural sedation and surgical anesthesia in the US and worldwide. Both anesthetic combinations are used safely in adult and pediatric patients at our institution. Although remifentanil works fast and is an excellent pain medication during surgery, there are reports that it's use can cause increased pain sensitivity and greater need for narcotic pain medication after surgery. This phenomenon is known as opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The investigators hypothesize that avoiding the use of remifentanil in the TIVA by using dexmedetomidine could avoid OIH and thus result in superior postop pain control. Our study's primary goal is to measure the total opioid consumption on postoperative days (POD)# 0 and 1. Our secondary goals are to measure the pain scores on a visual analog scale (VAS) on POD# 0 and 1, measure the time it takes for participants to move their feet to command when surgery is done, and measure the time it takes for participants to be extubated when surgery is done. By comparing these measurements, the investigators hope to find out if there is any significant difference between the two TIVAs in terms of postop opioid requirements, pain scores, and time to wake up from anesthesia. The investigators hope that our study gives us more knowledge on how to better treat postoperative pain in children who have spine surgery to correct their


Description:

Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) may need surgery to correct their scoliosis. General anesthesia is required for this surgery, and a multimodal analgesic regimen using combinations of opioid and non-opioid medications is the standard of care. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is the usual anesthetic technique of choice. The purpose of this study is to compare two combinations of TIVA medications in children AIS having posterior spinal fusion surgery. The most common TIVA for this surgery at our institution is Propofol + Remifentanil. Remifentanil is a popular choice because of its rapid onset, extremely short context-sensitive half-life, potency, and its rapid recovery from drug effect. However, an important concern with intraoperative remifentanil infusion is the possible development of acute opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). In adults, OIH is a well-documented feature linked to intraoperative remifentanil administration, manifesting as increased postoperative analgesic requirement and paradoxical increase in sensitivity to painful stimuli. In pediatric patients, the phenomenon is not as well characterized. An alternative TIVA that is very commonly used for adult spine surgery is propofol + dexmedetomidine (DEX). DEX is a highly selective alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, and sympatholytic properties. Despite the lack of FDA approval for pediatric use, DEX is widely used off-label in pediatric patients in the US and worldwide and has previously been shown to be safe and efficacious for various clinical indications including procedural sedation, craniotomy-awake-surgery, cardiac surgery, and posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis. DEX is currently used safely in pediatric and adult spine patients in our institution. The most common adverse effect is intraoperative bradycardia. Participants will be randomized to receive one of the two TIVAs to see if one or the other results in lower opioid consumption, and lower Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores in the post-operative period (POD# 0 and 1). The investigators hypothesize that the use of DEX will avoid OIH and this will lead to less opioid consumption in the postoperative period, and superior postoperative pain control. The investigators also hope to show that the use of DEX will not significantly prolong time to moving feet to command and extubation at conclusion of surgery.


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Not yet recruiting
Enrollment 120
Est. completion date June 2028
Est. primary completion date December 2027
Accepts healthy volunteers Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Gender All
Age group 12 Years to 18 Years
Eligibility Inclusion Criteria: - Age 12-18 years old - American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status Classification (ASA Class) 1 and 2 - Have diagnosis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis - Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion with instrumentation for scoliosis correction - Matched on age, sex, and the number of vertebral levels fused Exclusion Criteria: - Neuromuscular scoliosis - Allergy to any of the multi-modal analgesia regimen drugs - Use of serotonergic drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), mixed agonist/antagonist opioid analgesics

Study Design


Intervention

Drug:
Remifentanil TIVA
Remifentanil is more commonly used in the TIVA combination for pediatric patients having this surgery.
Dexmedetomidine TIVA
Dexmedetomidine is less commonly used in the TIVA combination for pediatric patients having this surgery.
Propofol TIVA
Propofol is an anesthetic drug that causes sleep during surgery.

Locations

Country Name City State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

References & Publications (39)

Abreu M, Aguado D, Benito J, Garcia-Fernandez J, Segura IA. Hyperalgesia and increased sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration induced by opioids in the rat: a randomised experimental study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Apr;32(4):232-41. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000188. — View Citation

Anschel DJ, Aherne A, Soto RG, Carrion W, Hoegerl C, Nori P, Seidman PA. Successful intraoperative spinal cord monitoring during scoliosis surgery using a total intravenous anesthetic regimen including dexmedetomidine. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Feb;25(1):56-61. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e318163cca6. — View Citation

Bagatini A, Volquind D, Rosso A, Trindade RD, Splettstosser JC. [Dexmedetomidine as adjuvant drug for wake-up test during scoliosis correction surgery: case report.]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2004 Apr;54(2):247-51. doi: 10.1590/s0034-70942004000200012. Portuguese. — View Citation

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Chen Z, Dai N, Lin S, Zhou G. Impact of Dexmedetomidine on Intraoperative Wake-Up Tests in Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery. J Perianesth Nurs. 2018 Aug;33(4):448-452. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2016.07.009. Epub 2017 Apr 27. — View Citation

Crawford MW, Hickey C, Zaarour C, Howard A, Naser B. Development of acute opioid tolerance during infusion of remifentanil for pediatric scoliosis surgery. Anesth Analg. 2006 Jun;102(6):1662-7. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000216036.95705.c2. — View Citation

Donmez A, Kizilkan A, Berksun H, Varan B, Tokel K. One center's experience with remifentanil infusions for pediatric cardiac catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001 Dec;15(6):736-9. doi: 10.1053/jcan.2001.28319. — View Citation

Eschertzhuber S, Hohlrieder M, Keller C, Oswald E, Kuehbacher G, Innerhofer P. Comparison of high- and low-dose intrathecal morphine for spinal fusion in children. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Apr;100(4):538-43. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen025. Epub 2008 Feb 27. — View Citation

Gall O, Aubineau JV, Berniere J, Desjeux L, Murat I. Analgesic effect of low-dose intrathecal morphine after spinal fusion in children. Anesthesiology. 2001 Mar;94(3):447-52. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200103000-00014. — View Citation

Gan L, Zhao X, Chen X. The Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation and Postoperative Behaviors in Pediatric Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2022 Jan;56(1):16-26. doi: 10.1177/10600280211009845. Epub 2021 Apr 29. — View Citation

German JW, Aneja R, Heard C, Dias M. Continuous remifentanil for pediatric neurosurgery patients. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000 Nov;33(5):227-229. doi: 10.1159/000055959. — View Citation

Goodarzi M. The advantages of intrathecal opioids for spinal fusion in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 1998;8(2):131-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1998.00737.x. — View Citation

Grape S, Kirkham KR, Frauenknecht J, Albrecht E. Intra-operative analgesia with remifentanil vs. dexmedetomidine: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jun;74(6):793-800. doi: 10.1111/anae.14657. Epub 2019 Apr 5. — View Citation

Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C, Sessler DI, Lebrault C, Alfonsi P, Fletcher D, Chauvin M. Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology. 2000 Aug;93(2):409-17. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200008000-00019. — View Citation

Hwang W, Lee J, Park J, Joo J. Dexmedetomidine versus remifentanil in postoperative pain control after spinal surgery: a randomized controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015 Feb 24;15:21. doi: 10.1186/s12871-015-0004-1. eCollection 2015. — View Citation

Ibach BW, Loeber C, Shukry M, Hagemann TM, Harrison D, Johnson PN. Duration of intrathecal morphine effect in children with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion. J Opioid Manag. 2015 Jul-Aug;11(4):295-303. doi: 10.5055/jom.2015.0278. — View Citation

Josephine C, Shariffuddin II, Chaw SH, Ng KWS, Ng KT. Hemodynamic Response of High- and Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine of Pediatric in General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Asian J Anesthesiol. 2021 Mar 1;59(1):7-21. doi: 10.6859/aja.202103_59(1).0002. Epub 2021 Jan 21. — View Citation

Kaur M, Singh PM. Current role of dexmedetomidine in clinical anesthesia and intensive care. Anesth Essays Res. 2011 Jul-Dec;5(2):128-33. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.94750. — View Citation

Kim SH, Stoicea N, Soghomonyan S, Bergese SD. Intraoperative use of remifentanil and opioid induced hyperalgesia/acute opioid tolerance: systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2014 May 8;5:108. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00108. eCollection 2014. — View Citation

Kiski D, Malec E, Schmidt C. Use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric cardiac anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019 Jun;32(3):334-342. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000731. — View Citation

Lee CS, Merchant S, Chidambaran V. Postoperative Pain Management in Pediatric Spinal Fusion Surgery for Idiopathic Scoliosis. Paediatr Drugs. 2020 Dec;22(6):575-601. doi: 10.1007/s40272-020-00423-1. Epub 2020 Oct 23. — View Citation

Lo C, Schwindt S, Sharma R, Dube R, Faraoni D, Steinberg BE, Brown S. Association Between Intraoperative Remifentanil Dosage and Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Adolescent Idiopathic Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Anesth Analg. 2021 Oct 1;133(4):984-990. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005395. — View Citation

Mason KP, Lerman J. Review article: Dexmedetomidine in children: current knowledge and future applications. Anesth Analg. 2011 Nov;113(5):1129-42. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31822b8629. Epub 2011 Aug 4. — View Citation

Naduvanahalli Vivekanandaswamy A, Prasad Shetty A, Mugesh Kanna R, Shanmuganathan R. An analysis of the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine in posterior spinal fusion surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective randomized study. Eur Spine J. 2021 Mar;30(3):698-705. doi: 10.1007/s00586-020-06539-9. Epub 2020 Jul 21. — View Citation

Plambech MZ, Afshari A. Dexmedetomidine in the pediatric population: a review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015 Mar;81(3):320-32. Epub 2014 May 14. — View Citation

Ross AK, Davis PJ, Dear Gd GL, Ginsberg B, McGowan FX, Stiller RD, Henson LG, Huffman C, Muir KT. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. Anesth Analg. 2001 Dec;93(6):1393-401, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200112000-00008. — View Citation

Sammartino M, Garra R, Sbaraglia F, De Riso M, Continolo N. Remifentanil in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010 Mar;20(3):246-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03241.x. Epub 2010 Jan 21. — View Citation

Santonocito C, Noto A, Crimi C, Sanfilippo F. Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia: current perspectives on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Local Reg Anesth. 2018 Apr 9;11:15-23. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S143618. eCollection 2018. — View Citation

Schnabel A, Meyer-Friessem CH, Reichl SU, Zahn PK, Pogatzki-Zahn EM. Is intraoperative dexmedetomidine a new option for postoperative pain treatment? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2013 Jul;154(7):1140-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.029. Epub 2013 Mar 27. — View Citation

Schnabel A, Reichl SU, Poepping DM, Kranke P, Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Zahn PK. Efficacy and safety of intraoperative dexmedetomidine for acute postoperative pain in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Feb;23(2):170-9. doi: 10.1111/pan.12030. Epub 2012 Oct 9. — View Citation

Tobias JD, Goble TJ, Bates G, Anderson JT, Hoernschemeyer DG. Effects of dexmedetomidine on intraoperative motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery in adolescents. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Nov;18(11):1082-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02733.x. — View Citation

Tripi PA, Poe-Kochert C, Potzman J, Son-Hing JP, Thompson GH. Intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia in patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Sep 15;33(20):2248-51. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817bd8be. — View Citation

Vinik HR, Kissin I. Rapid development of tolerance to analgesia during remifentanil infusion in humans. Anesth Analg. 1998 Jun;86(6):1307-11. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199806000-00033. — View Citation

Wang Q, Chen C, Wang L. Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in maintaining hemodynamic stability in pediatric cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022 Jan-Feb;98(1):15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.05.008. Epub 2021 Jul 9. — View Citation

Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017 Aug;56(8):893-913. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7. — View Citation

Weinbroum AA. Role of anaesthetics and opioids in perioperative hyperalgesia: one step towards familiarisation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Apr;32(4):230-1. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000231. No abstract available. — View Citation

Wilson SH, Hellman KM, James D, Adler AC, Chandrakantan A. Mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and management of perioperative opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Manag. 2021 Apr;11(4):405-417. doi: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0105. Epub 2021 Mar 29. — View Citation

Young CD, McLuckie D, Spencer AO. Anaesthetic care for surgical management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BJA Educ. 2019 Jul;19(7):232-237. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2019.03.005. Epub 2019 May 14. No abstract available. — View Citation

Zhang SJ, Lai G, Griffis CA, Schiltz M, Aroke EN. alpha2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, an Attractive but Underused ERAS Component in Improving Fast-Track Recovery and Surgical Outcomes. AANA J. 2021 Dec;89(6):529-537. — View Citation

* Note: There are 39 references in allClick here to view all references

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Primary Total opioid consumption (IV and PO in MME) on POD# 0 and 1 Measure the total opioid medications needed by the participant (IV and oral) after surgery on post operative days # 0 and 1. Post Op Day# 0 and 1
Secondary Average VAS Pain score on POD# 0 and 1 Measure the average pain score of the participant on a visual analog pain scale. The VAS has two end points representing 0 ("no pain") and 10 ("worst pain ever"). It is reported at our institution as a number between 0 and 10. Post Op Day# 0 and 1
Secondary Time from skin closure to participant being able to move their feet on command (mins) Measure the time (mins) from completion of surgical skin closure to the participant being able to move their feet to command Intraoperative (day of surgery)
Secondary Time from skin closure to Extubation Measure the time (mins) from completion of surgical skin closure to extubation Intraoperative (day of surgery)
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