Low-dose Dexmedetomidine and Postoperative Delirium After Cardiac Surgery

Delirium Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effect of Low-dose Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Delirium in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Multicenter, Double-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Active, not recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03624595
• Other study ID #: 2018-181
• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: April 16, 2019
• Est. completion date: August 2024

Study information

• Verified date: May 2024
• Source: Peking University First Hospital
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Delirium is an acutely occurred and fluctuating cerebral dysfunction characterized with inattention, altered consciousness, cognitive decline and/or abnormal perception. It is common in the elderly after cardiac surgery and is associated with worse outcomes. Causes leading to delirium are multifactorial but sleep disturbances remains an important one. In previous studies, sedative-dose dexmedetomidine improves sleep quality in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation; and low-dose dexmedetomidine improves sleep quality in postoperative patients without mechanical ventilation. In recent studies of elderly after noncardiac surgery, night-time infusion of low-dose dexmedetomidine reduces delirium and improves 2-year survival. The investigators hypothesize that, for elderly patients after cardiac surgery, night-time infusion of dexmedetomidine may also improve sleep quality, reduce delirium development and improve 2-year survival.

Description:

Delirium is an acutely occurred and fluctuating cerebral dysfunction characterized with inattention, altered consciousness, cognitive decline and/or abnormal perception. It is common in the elderly after cardiac surgery and is associated with worse outcomes.

The development of delirium is a consequence of multiple factors. For patients undergoing cardiac surgery, surgical stress and/or cardiopulmonary bypass can produce hyper-inflammatory and stress response, both of which are important factors leading to delirium. Meanwhile, patients in ICU after major surgery often develop sleep disturbances, which are also associated with increased risk of delirium.

Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic properties. In previous studies of elderly patients admitted to ICU after non-cardiac surgery, continuous infusion of low-dose dexmedetomidine during nighttime improves sleep quality, reduces delirium, and improves 2-year survival.

The investigators hypothesize that, for patients admitted to ICU after cardiac surgery, nighttime infusion of low-dose dexmedetomidine can decrease the incidence of delirium and improve long-term survival. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of nighttime infusion of low-dose dexmedetomidine on postoperative sleep quality, delirium, and 2-year survival in elderly patients admitted to ICU after cardiac surgery.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Enrollment: 502
• Est. completion date: August 2024
• Est. primary completion date: July 3, 2021
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 60 Years to 90 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age =60 years but <90 years;

2. Scheduled to undergo cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass under general anesthesia;

3. Expected to stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) for at least 1 night after surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients who meet any of the following criteria will be excluded.

1. Refuse to participate in the study;

2. Preoperative history of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinsonism, or myasthenia gravis;

3. Preoperative obstructive sleep apnea (previously diagnosed as obstructive sleep apnea, or the snoring, tiredness, observed apnea, high blood pressure-body mass index, age, neck circumference and gender [STOP-Bang] questionnaires =3);

4. Inability to communicate during the preoperative period because of coma, profound dementia or language barrier;

5. Preoperative sick sinus syndrome, severe sinus bradycardia (< 50 beats per minute), or second-degree atrioventricular block or above without pacemaker;

6. Severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C);

7. Severe renal dysfunction (requirement of renal replacement therapy) before surgery;

8. Presence of delirium (diagnosed by the Confusion Assessment Method [CAM]/CAM for the Intensive Care Unit [CAM-ICU]);

9. Current treatment with dexmedetomidine or clonidine.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Cardiac Surgery
• Cardiopulmonary Bypass
• Delirium
• Dexmedetomidine
• Emergence Delirium
• Survival

Intervention

Drug:
• Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine infusion is administered from 16:00 to 08:00 during the night of surgery in the intensive care unit; and will repeated for a maximum of 5 consecutive nights. For patients with mechanical ventilation, the infusion rate is 0.2-0.7 ug/kg/h; for those without mechanical ventilation, the infusion rate is 0.05-0.2 ug/kg/h. The target depth of sedation is Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) -1.
• Placebo
Placebo (normal saline) infusion is administered in the same rate for the same duration as in the dexmedetomidine group. The conventional sedation is provided when necessary with propofol and/or midazolam by intravenous infusion/injection. The target depth of sedation depth is RASS -1.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
China	Beijing University First Hospital	Beijing	Beijing
China	Fuwai Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences	Beijing	Beijing

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Dong-Xin Wang	Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China

Country where clinical trial is conducted

China, 

References & Publications (35)

Alamili M, Bendtzen K, Lykkesfeldt J, Rosenberg J, Gogenur I. Melatonin suppresses markers of inflammation and oxidative damage in a human daytime endotoxemia model. J Crit Care. 2014 Feb;29(1):184.e9-184.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.09.006. Epub 2013 Oct 17. — View Citation

Alexopoulou C, Kondili E, Diamantaki E, Psarologakis C, Kokkini S, Bolaki M, Georgopoulos D. Effects of dexmedetomidine on sleep quality in critically ill patients: a pilot study. Anesthesiology. 2014 Oct;121(4):801-7. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000361. — View Citation

Chen Z, Tang R, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Effects of dexmedetomidine administered for postoperative analgesia on sleep quality in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Feb;36:118-122. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.10.022. Epub 2016 Dec 1. — View Citation

Crocker E, Beggs T, Hassan A, Denault A, Lamarche Y, Bagshaw S, Elmi-Sarabi M, Hiebert B, Macdonald K, Giles-Smith L, Tangri N, Arora RC. Long-Term Effects of Postoperative Delirium in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Operation: A Systematic Review. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016 Oct;102(4):1391-9. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.071. Epub 2016 Jun 22. — View Citation

Cruickshank M, Henderson L, MacLennan G, Fraser C, Campbell M, Blackwood B, Gordon A, Brazzelli M. Alpha-2 agonists for sedation of mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care units: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2016 Mar;20(25):v-xx, 1-117. doi: 10.3310/hta20250. — View Citation

Delaney LJ, Van Haren F, Lopez V. Sleeping on a problem: the impact of sleep disturbance on intensive care patients - a clinical review. Ann Intensive Care. 2015 Feb 26;5:3. doi: 10.1186/s13613-015-0043-2. eCollection 2015. — View Citation

Elliott R, McKinley S, Cistulli P, Fien M. Characterisation of sleep in intensive care using 24-hour polysomnography: an observational study. Crit Care. 2013 Mar 18;17(2):R46. doi: 10.1186/cc12565. — View Citation

Eremenko AA, Chernova EV. [Dexmedetomidine use for intravenous sedation and delirium treatment during early postoperative period in cardio-surgical patients]. Anesteziol Reanimatol. 2013 Sep-Oct;(5):4-8. Russian. — View Citation

Fanfulla F, Ceriana P, D'Artavilla Lupo N, Trentin R, Frigerio F, Nava S. Sleep disturbances in patients admitted to a step-down unit after ICU discharge: the role of mechanical ventilation. Sleep. 2011 Mar 1;34(3):355-62. doi: 10.1093/sleep/34.3.355. — View Citation

Gosselt AN, Slooter AJ, Boere PR, Zaal IJ. Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2015 Sep 23;19(1):346. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-1060-0. — View Citation

Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014 Mar 8;383(9920):911-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60688-1. Epub 2013 Aug 28. — View Citation

Ji F, Li Z, Nguyen H, Young N, Shi P, Fleming N, Liu H. Perioperative dexmedetomidine improves outcomes of cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2013 Apr 16;127(15):1576-84. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000936. Epub 2013 Mar 19. — View Citation

Kamdar BB, Niessen T, Colantuoni E, King LM, Neufeld KJ, Bienvenu OJ, Rowden AM, Collop NA, Needham DM. Delirium transitions in the medical ICU: exploring the role of sleep quality and other factors. Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):135-141. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000610. — View Citation

Keating GM. Dexmedetomidine: A Review of Its Use for Sedation in the Intensive Care Setting. Drugs. 2015 Jul;75(10):1119-30. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0419-5. — View Citation

Korompeli A, Muurlink O, Kavrochorianou N, Katsoulas T, Fildissis G, Baltopoulos G. Circadian disruption of ICU patients: A review of pathways, expression, and interventions. J Crit Care. 2017 Apr;38:269-277. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.12.006. Epub 2016 Dec 13. — View Citation

Leung JM, Sands LP, Newman S, Meckler G, Xie Y, Gay C, Lee K. Preoperative Sleep Disruption and Postoperative Delirium. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015 Aug 15;11(8):907-13. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.4944. — View Citation

Li X, Yang J, Nie XL, Zhang Y, Li XY, Li LH, Wang DX, Ma D. Impact of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of delirium in elderly patients after cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 9;12(2):e0170757. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170757. eCollection 2017. — View Citation

Li Y, Wang B, Zhang LL, He SF, Hu XW, Wong GT, Zhang Y. Dexmedetomidine Combined with General Anesthesia Provides Similar Intraoperative Stress Response Reduction When Compared with a Combined General and Epidural Anesthetic Technique. Anesth Analg. 2016 Apr;122(4):1202-10. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001165. — View Citation

Mantz J, Josserand J, Hamada S. Dexmedetomidine: new insights. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Jan;28(1):3-6. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32833e266d. — View Citation

McPherson JA, Wagner CE, Boehm LM, Hall JD, Johnson DC, Miller LR, Burns KM, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb;41(2):405-13. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31826ab49b. Erratum In: Crit Care Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):e41. Pandhvaripande, Pratik P [corrected to Pandharipande, Pratik P]. — View Citation

Mu DL, Li LH, Wang DX, Li N, Shan GJ, Li J, Yu QJ, Shi CX. High postoperative serum cortisol level is associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction early after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 15;8(10):e77637. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077637. eCollection 2013. — View Citation

Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Jackson JC, Deppen SA, Stiles RA, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2644-53. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.22.2644. — View Citation

Papaioannou V, Mebazaa A, Plaud B, Legrand M. 'Chronomics' in ICU: circadian aspects of immune response and therapeutic perspectives in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2014 Dec;2(1):18. doi: 10.1186/2197-425X-2-18. Epub 2014 May 14. — View Citation

Park JB, Bang SH, Chee HK, Kim JS, Lee SA, Shin JK. Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine for postoperative delirium in adult cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Jun;47(3):249-54. doi: 10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.3.249. Epub 2014 Jun 5. — View Citation

Pasin L, Landoni G, Nardelli P, Belletti A, Di Prima AL, Taddeo D, Isella F, Zangrillo A. Dexmedetomidine reduces the risk of delirium, agitation and confusion in critically Ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014 Dec;28(6):1459-66. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.03.010. Epub 2014 Jul 14. — View Citation

Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, Fushimi K, Graham P, Hider P, Januel JM, Sundararajan V. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Mar 15;173(6):676-82. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq433. Epub 2011 Feb 17. — View Citation

Reade MC, Eastwood GM, Bellomo R, Bailey M, Bersten A, Cheung B, Davies A, Delaney A, Ghosh A, van Haren F, Harley N, Knight D, McGuiness S, Mulder J, O'Donoghue S, Simpson N, Young P; DahLIA Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in Patients With Agitated Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Apr 12;315(14):1460-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.2707. Erratum In: JAMA. 2016 Aug 16;316(7):775. — View Citation

Reade MC, Finfer S. Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 30;370(5):444-54. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208705. No abstract available. — View Citation

Roggenbach J, Klamann M, von Haken R, Bruckner T, Karck M, Hofer S. Sleep-disordered breathing is a risk factor for delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014 Sep 5;18(5):477. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0477-1. — View Citation

Skrobik Y, Duprey MS, Hill NS, Devlin JW. Low-Dose Nocturnal Dexmedetomidine Prevents ICU Delirium. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 May 1;197(9):1147-1156. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201710-1995OC. — View Citation

Skrupky LP, Drewry AM, Wessman B, Field RR, Fagley RE, Varghese L, Lieu A, Olatunde J, Micek ST, Kollef MH, Boyle WA. Clinical effectiveness of a sedation protocol minimizing benzodiazepine infusions and favoring early dexmedetomidine: a before-after study. Crit Care. 2015 Apr 2;19(1):136. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0874-0. — View Citation

Su X, Meng ZT, Wu XH, Cui F, Li HL, Wang DX, Zhu X, Zhu SN, Maze M, Ma D. Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1893-1902. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30580-3. Epub 2016 Aug 16. — View Citation

Wanat M, Fitousis K, Boston F, Masud F. Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiovascular surgery. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014 Apr-Jun;10(2):111-7. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-10-2-111. — View Citation

Wu XH, Cui F, Zhang C, Meng ZT, Wang DX, Ma J, Wang GF, Zhu SN, Ma D. Low-dose Dexmedetomidine Improves Sleep Quality Pattern in Elderly Patients after Noncardiac Surgery in the Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Nov;125(5):979-991. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001325. — View Citation

Zhang DF, Su X, Meng ZT, Li HL, Wang DX, Xue-Ying Li, Maze M, Ma D. Impact of Dexmedetomidine on Long-term Outcomes After Noncardiac Surgery in Elderly: 3-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg. 2019 Aug;270(2):356-363. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002801. — View Citation

* Note: There are 35 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Alterations of sleep architecture	Sleep architecture is monitored with polysomnograph from 21:00 pm in the night of surgery to 06:00 am on the first day after surgery in part of enrolled patients (selected according to randomization block).	During the night of surgery
Other	The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score within 5 days after surgery.	The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score is assessed with the NRS (an 11-point scale where 0=no pain and 10=the worst pain).	At 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours (i.e., the 5th day) after surgery.
Other	Subjective sleep quality within 5 days after surgery	Subjective sleep quality is assessed with NRS (an 11-point scale where 0=the best sleep and 10=the worst sleep) once daily (8:00-10:00 am) during postoperative days 1-5.	During the first 5 days after surgery
Other	Daily prevalence of delirium during postoperative days 1-5	Daily prevalence of delirium during postoperative days 1-5	During the first 5 days after surgery
Primary	Incidence of delirium within the first 5 days after surgery	Delirium is assessed twice daily (8:00-10:00 am, 18:00-20:00 pm) with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM, for patients without mechanical ventilation) or CAM for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU, for patients with mechanical ventilation) during postoperative days 1-5.	During the first 5 days after surgery
Secondary	Duration of mechanical ventilation after surgery	Duration of mechanical ventilation after surgery	Up to 30 days after surgery
Secondary	Length of stay in ICU after surgery	Length of stay in ICU after surgery	Up to 30 days after surgery
Secondary	Length of stay in hospital after surgery	Length of stay in hospital after surgery	Up to 30 days after surgery
Secondary	Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs) within 30 days after surgery	Postoperative Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACEs) include in-hospital death, myocardial infarction, second surgery, non-fetal cardiac arrest/ventricular fibrillation, and stroke. The occurrence of major postoperative events is followed up twice daily during postoperative days 1-5, then once a week until 30 days after surgery.	Up to 30 days after surgery
Secondary	Incidence of other complications	Incidence of other complications (including hospital re-admission) within 30 days after surgery.	Up to 30 days after surgery
Secondary	All-cause 30-day mortality	All-cause mortality within 30 days after surgery	At 30 days after surgery
Secondary	Subjective sleep quality at 30 days after surgery	Subjective sleep quality at 30 days after surgery is assessed with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	At 30 days after surgery
Secondary	2 -year Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCEs)-free survival after surgery	Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCEs) include cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and stroke.	Up to 2 years after surgery
Secondary	2-year overall survival after surgery	2-year survival overall after surgery	Up to 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Cognitive function in 1- and 2-year survivors	Cognitive function in 1- and 2-year survivors is assessed with the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m, score ranges from 0 to 40, with higher score indicating better function).	At the end of the 1st and 2nd years after surgery
Secondary	Quality of life in 1- and 2- year survivors	Quality of life in 1- and 2-year survivors is assessed with the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The SF-36 evaluates 8 different domains of quality of life, i.e., physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health. The score of each domain ranges from 0 to 100, with high score indicating better function.	At the end of the 1st and 2nd years after surgery