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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

NCT number NCT05099406
Other study ID # 2019-PN133
Secondary ID 2021-000804-39
Status Recruiting
Phase N/A
First received
Last updated
Start date January 1, 2022
Est. completion date May 1, 2023

Study information

Verified date October 2021
Source University of Santiago de Compostela
Contact María Teresa Carrillo de la Peña, PhD
Phone +34 625 76 32 25
Email mteresa.carrillo@usc.es
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority
Study type Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Refractory chronic pain represents a serious and limiting health condition which does not respond to standard pharmacological therapy. Thus, it emerges the necessity of new techniques to treat these group of diseases, such as the transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). This procedure induces a low-intensity electrical current through the scalp to modify the excitability of brain cells, thus facilitating changes in neural networks which may be dysfunctional in some chronic pain patients. The main objective of this research is to test the efficacy of two tES techniques, differentiated by applying direct or alternant electrical current, to reduce the pain intensity and to increase pain thresholds of these patients. Besides, intervention is implemented at home for patients themselves thanks to a portable and convenient stimulator device, after one training session provided by technicians. Researches can supervise the compliance of the treatment remotely, as the stimulator has a permanent connection with their computers. A home-based approach means a more comfortable and accessible treatment alternative for patients, since they do not have to attend to clinics everyday to receive the stimulation; the advantages become even more relevant in the pandemic context, since the risk of being infected is radically minimized. Despite the main purpose is to test the efficacy of tES to improve the pain suffered by patients, many other areas are considered as secondary end points for being intrinsically linked or affected by the disease, such as the interference in daily tasks provoked by pain, mood disorders (depression/anxiety), fatigue, life quality, physical functioning and sleep quality; these last two variables are measured with actigraph wristwatches, apart from specific questionnaires. Lastly, endogenous modulatory pain mechanisms are examined through sensory tests, namely Conditioned Pain Modulation and Temporal Summation of pain.


Description:

This work aims to provide answers to the refractory chronic pain challenge. Pain is defined as refractory when multiple evidence-based biomedical therapies have failed to reach treatment goals that may include adequate pain reduction and/or improvement in daily functioning, even after appropriately assessing and addressing those psychosocial factors that could influence pain outcomes. In this sense, on the one hand, the study focus on detecting central biomarkers of pain modulation and processing which will contribute to improving knowledge of the mechanisms of pain chronification and the diagnosis procedure. On the other hand, given the low efficacy of pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapies for the patients studied, the efficacy of new therapeutic alternatives (tES) is explored. In short, the project will allow the transfer of knowledge to clinical practice in several aspects, such as diagnosis or treatment. Therefore, the research aims to test the role of defective central pain modulation/processing as explanatory mechanisms for chronic pain. A second main objective is to test the efficacy of transcranial electric stimulation (tES) to modify dysfunction of central mechanism of pain, and to improve symptoms and quality of life in refractory chronic pain patients. To achieve this, the investigators will select valid and reliable instruments to assess pain and comorbid symptoms in chronic pain patients and the most sensitive outcome measures to assess tES treatment efficacy. Sensory testing paradigms, namely Conditioned Pain Modulation, Temporal Summation of Second Pain and pain-related evoked potentials using electroencephalographic recordings, will act as biomarkers which are proposed to correlate with the severity of the chronic pain disease or some of their symptoms, and also as predictors of the treatment outcome. Total sample includes 120 patients with refractory pharmaco-resistant pain, attended at the Pain Units of two Public Galician Hospitals (36 male, 84 female). The study is expected to contribute to detection and preventive measures of future pain, and diagnosis of chronic pain disorders, improving prognosis and development of feasible patient-centered interventions, providing new directions for future research on pain.


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Recruiting
Enrollment 120
Est. completion date May 1, 2023
Est. primary completion date May 1, 2023
Accepts healthy volunteers No
Gender All
Age group 18 Years to 65 Years
Eligibility Inclusion Criteria: - Suffering a chronic pain condition of non-cancer nature. Those patients who report chronic pain even after overcoming an oncological process are suitable to participate, but only if they have received the definitive medical discharge and have been free from radiotherapy/chemotherapy for at least twelve months. - Adult subjects (18-65 years old). - Subjects able to provide informed consent to participate in the study and to self-report pain. - Existing chronic pain which reaches an intensity of at least 4 on a 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) on average over the past 3 months prior to enrolment. - Pain intensity of at least 5 on a 0-10 NRS over the week prior to enrolment. - Diagnosis of pharmaco-resistance to analgesic drugs across the WHO ladder. - Pharmacological regimen have kept stable for at least two months previous to the enrolment, and it must not suffer modifications during the whole research period. Exclusion Criteria: - Chronic pain derived from current cancer disease. - Pregnant women or women in fertile age not having efficacious contraception during the whole period of the study. - History of alcohol or drug abuse within the past 6 months as self-reported. - Suffering from unstable medical conditions (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, uncompensated cardiac issues, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). - Intracranial ferromagnetic devices or implanted stimulator (basal ganglia stimulator, vagus nerve stimulation). - Antecedents of, or active epilepsy. - History of neurosurgery, psychiatric diseases other than anxiety or depression, traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness, and/or cortical lesions.

Study Design


Related Conditions & MeSH terms


Intervention

Device:
Transcranial electrical stimulation
By applying a low current over the cortex through the scalp, this technique can excite or inhibit the neural activity, thus modulating brain processes like pain perception and inducing relatively sustained changes in cortical excitability and neuroplasticity. Home-based transcranial electrical stimulation device consists of a custom headgear with fixed electrode sites and built-in cabling made for a simplistic setup for tDCS/tACS stimulation. Systems are equipped with strict dose control feature that provide reliable control over the intensity and timing of stimulation, turning these devices into a feasible and safe clinical alternative. The equipment is specifically designed for easy and simplistic self-setup and allows the researchers to remotely check the position of electrodes and also monitor the stimulation session.

Locations

Country Name City State
Spain University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago De Compostela A Coruña

Sponsors (4)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
University of Santiago de Compostela Fundación Biomédica Galicia Sur (Recruitment support), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela - IDIS (Recruitment support), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Funding support)

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Spain, 

References & Publications (35)

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Davis KD, Flor H, Greely HT, Iannetti GD, Mackey S, Ploner M, Pustilnik A, Tracey I, Treede RD, Wager TD. Brain imaging tests for chronic pain: medical, legal and ethical issues and recommendations. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017 Oct;13(10):624-638. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.122. Epub 2017 Sep 8. Review. — View Citation

De Keyser R, van den Broeke EN, Courtin A, Dufour A, Mouraux A. Event-related brain potentials elicited by high-speed cooling of the skin: A robust and non-painful method to assess the spinothalamic system in humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018 May;129(5):1011-1019. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.02.123. Epub 2018 Mar 8. — View Citation

de Tommaso M, Ricci K, Libro G, Vecchio E, Delussi M, Montemurno A, Lopalco G, Iannone F. Pain Processing and Vegetative Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia: A Study by Sympathetic Skin Response and Laser Evoked Potentials. Pain Res Treat. 2017;2017:9747148. doi: 10.1155/2017/9747148. Epub 2017 Sep 28. — View Citation

Dueñas M, Salazar A, Ojeda B, Fernández-Palacín F, Micó JA, Torres LM, Failde I. A nationwide study of chronic pain prevalence in the general spanish population: identifying clinical subgroups through cluster analysis. Pain Med. 2015 Apr;16(4):811-22. doi: 10.1111/pme.12640. Epub 2014 Dec 19. — View Citation

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, Kerns RD, Stucki G, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Carr DB, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dionne R, Galer BS, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Kramer LD, Manning DC, Martin S, McCormick CG, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robbins W, Robinson JP, Rothman M, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Wernicke J, Witter J; IMMPACT. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2005 Jan;113(1-2):9-19. Review. — View Citation

Fallon N, Chiu Y, Nurmikko T, Stancak A. Altered theta oscillations in resting EEG of fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Eur J Pain. 2018 Jan;22(1):49-57. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1076. Epub 2017 Jul 31. — View Citation

Fernandes C, Pidal-Miranda M, Samartin-Veiga N, Carrillo-de-la-Peña MT. Conditioned pain modulation as a biomarker of chronic pain: a systematic review of its concurrent validity. Pain. 2019 Dec;160(12):2679-2690. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001664. — View Citation

Fröhlich F, Sellers KK, Cordle AL. Targeting the neurophysiology of cognitive systems with transcranial alternating current stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother. 2015 Feb;15(2):145-67. doi: 10.1586/14737175.2015.992782. Epub 2014 Dec 30. Review. — View Citation

González-Villar AJ, Arias M, Carrillo-de-la-Peña MT. Brain Electrical Activity Associated With Visual Attention and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Patients With Fibromyalgia. Psychosom Med. 2019 May;81(4):380-388. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000677. — View Citation

Hu L, Peng W, Valentini E, Zhang Z, Hu Y. Functional features of nociceptive-induced suppression of alpha band electroencephalographic oscillations. J Pain. 2013 Jan;14(1):89-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.008. — View Citation

Jensen MP, Moore MR, Bockow TB, Ehde DM, Engel JM. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Jan;92(1):146-60. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.021. Review. — View Citation

Keefe FJ, Rumble ME, Scipio CD, Giordano LA, Perri LM. Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science. J Pain. 2004 May;5(4):195-211. Review. — View Citation

Kosek E, Ordeberg G. Lack of pressure pain modulation by heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in patients with painful osteoarthritis before, but not following, surgical pain relief. Pain. 2000 Oct;88(1):69-78. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00310-9. — View Citation

Langley PC, Ruiz-Iban MA, Molina JT, De Andres J, Castellón JR. The prevalence, correlates and treatment of pain in Spain. J Med Econ. 2011;14(3):367-80. doi: 10.3111/13696998.2011.583303. Epub 2011 May 17. — View Citation

Lefaucheur JP. A comprehensive database of published tDCS clinical trials (2005-2016). Neurophysiol Clin. 2016 Dec;46(6):319-398. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2016.10.002. Epub 2016 Nov 17. Review. — View Citation

Lewis GN, Rice DA, McNair PJ. Conditioned pain modulation in populations with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain. 2012 Oct;13(10):936-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.07.005. Epub 2012 Sep 13. Review. — View Citation

Maarrawi J, Peyron R, Mertens P, Costes N, Magnin M, Sindou M, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Motor cortex stimulation for pain control induces changes in the endogenous opioid system. Neurology. 2007 Aug 28;69(9):827-34. — View Citation

Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A, Lang N, Antal A, Paulus W, Hummel F, Boggio PS, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008. Brain Stimul. 2008 Jul;1(3):206-23. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004. Epub 2008 Jul 1. Review. — View Citation

Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol. 2000 Sep 15;527 Pt 3:633-9. — View Citation

O'Brien AT, Deitos A, Triñanes Pego Y, Fregni F, Carrillo-de-la-Peña MT. Defective Endogenous Pain Modulation in Fibromyalgia: A Meta-Analysis of Temporal Summation and Conditioned Pain Modulation Paradigms. J Pain. 2018 Aug;19(8):819-836. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.01.010. Epub 2018 Feb 15. Review. — View Citation

Peng W, Tang D. Pain Related Cortical Oscillations: Methodological Advances and Potential Applications. Front Comput Neurosci. 2016 Feb 4;10:9. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00009. eCollection 2016. Review. — View Citation

Petersen KK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Simonsen O, Wilder-Smith O, Laursen MB. Presurgical assessment of temporal summation of pain predicts the development of chronic postoperative pain 12 months after total knee replacement. Pain. 2015 Jan;156(1):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.0000000000000022. — View Citation

Ploner M, Sorg C, Gross J. Brain Rhythms of Pain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017 Feb;21(2):100-110. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.001. Epub 2016 Dec 23. Review. — View Citation

Potvin S, Marchand S. Pain facilitation and pain inhibition during conditioned pain modulation in fibromyalgia and in healthy controls. Pain. 2016 Aug;157(8):1704-1710. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000573. — View Citation

Staud R, Vierck CJ, Cannon RL, Mauderli AP, Price DD. Abnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 2001 Mar;91(1-2):165-75. — View Citation

Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, Cohen M, Evers S, Finnerup NB, First MB, Giamberardino MA, Kaasa S, Kosek E, Lavand'homme P, Nicholas M, Perrot S, Scholz J, Schug S, Smith BH, Svensson P, Vlaeyen JWS, Wang SJ. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015 Jun;156(6):1003-1007. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. — View Citation

Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M, Boggio PS, Brunoni AR, Celnik P, Cohen LG, Fregni F, Herrmann CS, Kappenman ES, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Paulus W, Priori A, Reato D, Stagg C, Wenderoth N, Nitsche MA. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Feb;127(2):1031-1048. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012. Epub 2015 Nov 22. Review. — View Citation

Zortea M, Ramalho L, Alves RL, Alves CFDS, Braulio G, Torres ILDS, Fregni F, Caumo W. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Improve the Dysfunction of Descending Pain Modulatory System Related to Opioids in Chronic Non-cancer Pain: An Integrative Review of Neurobiology and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci. 2019 Nov 18;13:1218. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01218. eCollection 2019. — View Citation

* Note: There are 35 references in allClick here to view all references

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Other Endogenous pain inhibition response Inhibitory pain system will be assessed through the Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) paradigm, which consists of the reduction of the pain provoked by a given noxious stimulus (i.e., test stimulus) when another painful stimulus (i.e., conditioning stimulus) is applied to a remote area (i.e., pain inhibits pain). Tentatively, we will use the cold water immersion of the non-dominant hand as conditioning stimuli; whereas the test stimuli will be the pressure pain thresholds using a digital handhold algometer, which puts progressively heavier pressure over the lateral area of dominant forearm. Differences in pressure pain threshold between the standard condition and when the CS is applied is assumed as an index of pain inhibitory response. Negative values are indicative of a greater pain inhibitory response. CPM procedure will be performed at two time-points, this is, one or two days before and after treatment, in order to assess if tES treatment is capable of restoring any dysfunction in this inhibitory pain network.
Other Endogenous pain facilitation response Amplifier pain system will be assessed through the Temporal Summation of Second Pain (TSSP) paradigm, which consists of the augmentation of subjective pain sensations due to the application of repeated noxious stimuli over the same corporal area, even when those stimuli are equal in terms of intensity and duration. Positive values are indicative of a greater pain facilitation score. TSSP procedure will be performed at two time-points, this is, one or two days before and after treatment, in order to assess if tES treatment is capable of restoring any dysfunction in this facilitatory pain network.
Other Electrical brain activity over diverse conditions Using the electroencephalography, we will capture the brain default mode network of chronic pain patients. Besides, we will register the evoked potentials elicited by diverse types of noxious heat-stimuli, as they may be reflecting how nociceptive signals are processed by brain. We purport to make a time-frequency and connectivity analysis of the EEG paying special attention to those key frequency bands involved in nociceptive perception, such as theta, alpha and gamma bands. EEG will be registered at two time-points, this is, one or two days before and one or two days after treatment.
Primary Self-reported pain intensity Participants must evaluate the intensity of their pain using an online version of a Numerical Rating Scale of eleven points (0-10), so that the higher the score is, the worse the pain is. Pre-treatment measure is the average of pain intensity of fifteen days previous to treatment; whereas the post-treatment measure is the average of fifteen days after treatment have finished
Secondary Global severity of chronic pain syndrome Composed index about the gravity of the chronic pain condition, taking into account several parameters as social and professional limitations due to pain, frequency and intensity of pain crisis, among others. The severity of chronic pain syndrome is assessed with global and subscales scores of Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI). Higher scores are indicative of worse health condition. Participants will complete MPI one or two days before the treatment onset, and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Pressure pain threshold Pressure pain threshold is defined as the minimum force necessary to induce pain in the participant, measured using a manual algometer and operationalized in kPa. Pressure pain thresholds will be assessed in face-to-face laboratory sessions, which would take place one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Heat pain threshold Heat pain threshold is stablished as the temperature, measured in degrees Celsius, at which participant starts to feel pain, using a thermal stimulator. Heat pain thresholds will be assessed in face-to-face laboratory sessions, which would take place one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Interference in daily living caused by pain Subscales of Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) are used to evaluate whether patients usually leave undone or are not capable to do some daily activities and tasks due to the pain they suffer from. The test consists of a numerical rating scale of seven points (0-6), so that the higher the score is, the more pronounced is the interference due to pain. Pain interference will be assessed in face-to-face laboratory sessions, which would take place one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Life quality General health status considering physical, emotional and social functionality, as well as physical and mental health. Life quality is measured using the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Higher scores are indicative of better health condition. Life quality will be assessed one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Physical condition and functioning Involvement and time-spent in physical activities or exercises. Estimations about daily energy expenditure, based on sedentary and activity bouts are recorded with wristband actigraphs which participants must wear during the whole research period.
Secondary Sleep quality and disturbances Sleep habits of participants and the degree in which they perceive that sleep as restorative. Sleep quality is measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. Higher scores are indicative of poorer sleep quality. Participants will complete PQSI at two time-points, this is, one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Sleep quality and disturbances Sleep habits of participants, as total sleep time. This sleep parameter is measured using the data recorded for wristband actigraphs which participants must wear during the whole research period. Wristband actigraph are given to patients fifteen days before the treatment onset, so sleep habits are monitorized since that moment, until fifteen days after treatment have finished
Secondary Pain unpleasantness Affective component of pain, which refers to the discomfort or distress which pain provokes in patients. Participants must evaluate the discomfort produced by pain using an online version of a Numerical Rating Scale of eleven points (0-10), so that the higher the score is, the more stressful the pain is. Pre-treatment measure is the average of pain unpleasantness obtained from fifteen daily assessments previous to treatment; whereas the post-treatment measure is the average obtained from the fifteen days after treatment have finished
Secondary Mood disorders Depressive and anxiety symptomatology which can concur with chronic pain conditions. Mood alterations are measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Higher scores are indicative of a worse mood state. Participants will complete HADS at two time-points, this is, one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Anxiety General anxiety level are evaluated with a daily frequency using an online version of a Numerical Rating Scale of eleven points (0-10), so that the higher the score is, the higher the anxiety level is. Pre-treatment measure is the average of anxiety levels obtained from fifteen daily assessments previous to treatment; whereas the post-treatment measure is the average obtained from the fifteen days after treatment have finished
Secondary Fatigue Tiredness which may result in difficulties to perform physical or psychological tasks. Fatigue and its consequences are measured using the Modified Impact Fatigue Scale (MFIS). Numerical Rating Scales of eleven points (0-10) are also used to assess daily fatigue levels. In both cases, higher scores are indicative of a greater fatigue. Fatigue is registered with a daily frequency since the fifteen days before the treatment onset, until fifteen days after treatment ending. Participants will complete the MFIS at two time-points, this is, one or two days before and after treatment.
Secondary Caregiver burden Stress levels which are subjected the caregivers of chronic pain patients are evaluated through the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) to assess if tES treatment means a reduction in burden derived from caring tasks. Higher scores are indicative of a more pronounced caregiver burden. Caregivers are invited to a face-to-face interview with researchers one or two days before the treatment onset and one or two days after treatment ending.
Secondary Global satisfaction with treatment and self-perceived improvement Patients are asked to rate their satisfaction with the tES treatment and whether they believe it has helped to improve their health status, using an ad-hoc designed questionnaire. Participants will evaluate their satisfaction with treatment a few days after it had finished.
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