Atrial Fibrillation Clinical Trial
Official title:
Prospective Assessment of The Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism in Hypertensive Patients Presenting With Atrial Flutter or Fibrillation
Primary objective of the PAPPHY Study is to establish the prevalence of primary aldosteronism
(PA) in consecutive hypertensive patients referred for 'lone' paroxysmal, persistent or
permanent atrial flutter or fibrillation (AFF).
Design: cohort multicenter prospective study. State-of-the-art criteria and guidelines were
followed for case detection and management of both PA and of AF in all enrolled patients
(Funder J. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 and 2016; Kirchhof P. Eur Heart J 2011 and 2016).
A previous retrospective study documented a 12-fold increase of the risk of AFF in patients
with primary aldosteronism (PA) as compared to subjects with primary (essential) hypertension
(Milliez 2005). However, being retrospective this investigation could involve a selection
bias and therefore is to be regarded as hypothesis-generating rather than a proof-of-concept
study.
Hence, based on results of experimental studies, we hypothesize that in a proportion of
hypertensive patients presenting with 'lone' PA could be the underlying cause of hypertension
leading to AFF. If proven, this hypothesis would imply that an early diagnosis of PA might
not only cure PA and hypertension but also prevent AFF in a non negligible number of
hypertensive patients.
Primary objective is to establish the prevalence of PA in consecutive hypertensive patients
referred for 'lone' paroxysmal, persistent or permanent AFF.
Study design: Prospective multicenter cohort study.
Sample size:
Based on the PAPY study experience and on available data from the literature concerning
prevalence studies, we anticipated that the enrolment of at least 1000 consecutive patients
will give conclusive evidence on PA prevalence in AFF patients.
Nothwithstanding a long enrolment period (from 2015 to 2018), we were unable to reach the
calculated sample size and, therefore, the study was smaller than the size calculated when
the PAPPHY study was conceived. In order not to introduce a time-dependent bias associated
with an unduly long recruitment with associated changes in practice, it was decided to stop
the study upon screening of 411 patients.
Data analysis. Data collection in a specific software, with the database securely stored and
analyzed at the core laboratory of the Arterial Hypertension Unit at the University of
Padova, Italy.
Experimental Procedures.
Baseline visit
- Clinic evaluation of the patient;
- Collection of demographic data and history;
- Measurement of blood pressure and heart rate;
- Scanning and storage of ECG documenting AFF;
- Echocardiography for measurement of left atrial and aortic diameters, left ventricular
thickness and diameters, systolic and diastolic and transmitral Doppler flow velocity
indexes;
- Clinical chemistry including serum ions, s-Creatinine, eGFR, HbA1c, microalbuminuria,
TSH;
- Measurement of PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), under baseline and after
captopril challenge, if the patient is not assuming drugs interfering with the renin
angiotensin system and eventually after correction of hypokalemia;
- Cardioversion if needed.
Diagnosis of PA in patients with a florid PA phenotype, i.e. a high aldosterone to renin
ratio (ARR), e.g. > 100 (in [ng *dl-1 ] * [ng *ml-1 * h-1]) with no further tests, following
the Endocrine Society guidelines (Funder J. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016) and based on
compelling evidence that in these patients the specificity approaches 100%, and the false
negative rate 0% (Maiolino G. J Am Heart Assoc 2017).
Exclusion of PA when ARR < 26 and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) < 15 ng *dl-1 at the
first or a repeated test. In all PA patients presenting with an ARR value in a grey area
(i.e. between 26 and 100, and a PAC > 15 ng *dl-1) at the first and a repeated test after
further 1 month wash-out, a confirmatory (captopril challenge) test to rule out false
positive results (Funder J. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016).
At the end of this work-up, computed tomography and adrenal vein sampling in patients with
biochemically confirmed PA for PA subtyping.
Diagnosis of aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) confirmed by biochemical cure, e.g.
normalization of plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone, after adrenalectomy.
The protocol of the study was revised in 2013 and then in 2015. Herein is reported the last
approved version.
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