Kuo YR, Wang CT, Wang FS, Chiang YC, Wang CJ Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy enhanced wound healing via increasing topical blood perfusion and tissue regeneration in a rat model of STZ-induced diabetes. Wound Repair Regen. 2009 Jul-Aug;17(4):522-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00504.x.
Kuo YR, Wang CT, Wang FS, Yang KD, Chiang YC, Wang CJ Extracorporeal shock wave treatment modulates skin fibroblast recruitment and leukocyte infiltration for enhancing extended skin-flap survival. Wound Repair Regen. 2009 Jan-Feb;17(1):80-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2008.00444.x.
Larking AM, Duport S, Clinton M, Hardy M, Andrews K Randomized control of extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus placebo for chronic decubitus ulceration. Clin Rehabil. 2010 Mar;24(3):222-9. doi: 10.1177/0269215509346083. Epub 2010 Feb 15.
Omar MT, Alghadir A, Al-Wahhabi KK, Al-Askar AB Efficacy of shock wave therapy on chronic diabetic foot ulcer: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;106(3):548-54. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.024. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
Saggini R, Figus A, Troccola A, Cocco V, Saggini A, Scuderi N Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for management of chronic ulcers in the lower extremities. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Aug;34(8):1261-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.01.010. Epub 2008 Apr 18.
Stieger M, Schmid JP, Bajrami S, Hunziker T [Extracorporeal shock wave therapy as a treatment of a non-healing chronic leg ulcer]. Hautarzt. 2013 Jun;64(6):443-6. doi: 10.1007/s00105-012-2527-4. German.
Wang CJ, Wu RW, Yang YJ Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a comparative study of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 May;92(2):187-93. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.019. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
Wolff KS, Wibmer A, Pusch M, Prusa AM, Pretterklieber M, Teufelsbauer H, Schaden W The influence of comorbidities and etiologies on the success of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic soft tissue wounds: midterm results. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011 Jul;37(7):1111-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.04.007. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
Defocused Shock Wave Therapy for Chronic Soft Tissue Wounds of the Lower Limbs. A Pilot Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.