Women's Health — The Effect of Education and Counseling on Reducing Pain and Anxiety in Women Undergoing Hysterosalpingography
Citation(s)
Aba YA, Avci D, Guzel Y, Ozcelik SK, Gurtekin B Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and pregnancy rate of women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: A randomized controlled trial. Appl Nurs Res. 2017 Aug;36:19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.05.005. Epub 2017 May 22.
Onwuchekwa CR, Oriji VK Hysterosalpingographic (HSG) Pattern of Infertility in Women of Reproductive Age. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2017 Jul-Sep;10(3):178-184. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_121_16.
Stevenson EL, Hershberger PE, Bergh PA Evidence-Based Care for Couples With Infertility. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2016 Jan-Feb;45(1):100-10; quiz e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jogn.2015.10.006. Epub 2015 Dec 1. Review.
The Effect of Education and Counseling on Reducing Pain and Anxiety in Women Undergoing Hysterosalpingography
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
