Aronov PA, Hall LM, Dettmer K, Stephensen CB, Hammock BD Metabolic profiling of major vitamin D metabolites using Diels-Alder derivatization and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2008 Jul;391(5):1917-30. doi: 10.1007/s00216-008-2095-8. Epub 2008 Apr 24.
Barnholtz-Sloan JS, McEvoy B, Shriver MD, Rebbeck TR Ancestry estimation and correction for population stratification in molecular epidemiologic association studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Mar;17(3):471-7. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0491.
Bell NH, Shaw S, Turner RT Evidence that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. J Clin Invest. 1984 Oct;74(4):1540-4.
Birlea SA, Costin GE, Norris DA Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the action of vitamin D analogs targeting vitiligo depigmentation. Curr Drug Targets. 2008 Apr;9(4):345-59. Review.
Boyan BD, Hurst-Kennedy J, Denison TA, Schwartz Z 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3] controls growth plate development by inhibiting apoptosis in the reserve zone and stimulating response to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in hypertrophic cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):212-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.057. Epub 2010 Mar 20.
Brazerol WF, McPhee AJ, Mimouni F, Specker BL, Tsang RC Serial ultraviolet B exposure and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D response in young adult American blacks and whites: no racial differences. J Am Coll Nutr. 1988 Apr;7(2):111-8.
Bu FX, Armas L, Lappe J, Zhou Y, Gao G, Wang HW, Recker R, Zhao LJ Comprehensive association analysis of nine candidate genes with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among healthy Caucasian subjects. Hum Genet. 2010 Nov;128(5):549-56. doi: 10.1007/s00439-010-0881-9. Epub 2010 Sep 1.
Chen TC Photobiology of Vitamin D. In: Holick MF, ed. Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Implications. Towtowa, NJ: Humana Press, Inc.; 1999.
Clarys P, Alewaeters K, Lambrecht R, Barel AO Skin color measurements: comparison between three instruments: the Chromameter(R), the DermaSpectrometer(R) and the Mexameter(R). Skin Res Technol. 2000 Nov;6(4):230-238.
Freedman DM, Looker AC, Abnet CC, Linet MS, Graubard BI Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cancer mortality in the NHANES III study (1988-2006). Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 1;70(21):8587-97. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1420. Epub 2010 Sep 16.
Galsky MD, Vogelzang NJ Docetaxel-based combination therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2010 Nov;21(11):2135-44. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq050. Epub 2010 Mar 29. Review.
Halder I, Shriver M, Thomas M, Fernandez JR, Frudakis T A panel of ancestry informative markers for estimating individual biogeographical ancestry and admixture from four continents: utility and applications. Hum Mutat. 2008 May;29(5):648-58. doi: 10.1002/humu.20695.
Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B Seasonal changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of young American black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jun;67(6):1232-6.
Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):204-10. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):1047.
Holick MF Photobiology of Vitamin D. In: Pike JW, Glorieux FH, eds. Vitamin D. Vol 1. 2nd ed: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005:37-46.
Hollis BW, Pittard WB 3rd Evaluation of the total fetomaternal vitamin D relationships at term: evidence for racial differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984 Oct;59(4):652-7.
Horst RL Exogenous versus endogenous recovery of 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 in human samples using high-performance liquid chromatography and the DiaSorin LIAISON Total-D Assay. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):180-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.010. Epub 2010 Mar 7.
Jin SE, Park JS, Kim CK Pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol in healthy human based on the analysis with an enzyme immunoassay. Pharmacol Res. 2009 Jul;60(1):57-60. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.03.005. Epub 2009 Mar 17.
Kleuser B, Cuvillier O, Spiegel S 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits programmed cell death in HL-60 cells by activation of sphingosine kinase. Cancer Res. 1998 May 1;58(9):1817-24.
Lips P, Duong T, Oleksik A, Black D, Cummings S, Cox D, Nickelsen T A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1212-21. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Jul;86(7):3008.
Looker AC Body fat and vitamin D status in black versus white women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):635-40. Epub 2004 Nov 16.
Loré F, Di Cairano G, Periti P, Caniggia A Effect of the administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1982;34(6):539-41.
Mawer EB, Schaefer K, Lumb GA, Stanbury SW The metabolism of isotopically labelled vitamin D3 in man: the influence of the state of vitamin D nutrition. Clin Sci. 1971 Jan;40(1):39-53.
Meyer MB, Goetsch PD, Pike JW A downstream intergenic cluster of regulatory enhancers contributes to the induction of CYP24A1 expression by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Biol Chem. 2010 May 14;285(20):15599-610. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.119958. Epub 2010 Mar 17.
Miller B, Norman AW Evidence for circadian rhythms in the serum levels of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein and in the activity of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-alpha-hydroxylase in the chick: studies on the mode of action of calciferol. FEBS Lett. 1982 May 17;141(2):242-4.
Norman AW, Miller BE, Putkey JA Evaluation of the diurnal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D's effects on intestinal membrane organization. Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1980;17:160-7.
Raimondi S, Johansson H, Maisonneuve P, Gandini S Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 2009 Jul;30(7):1170-80. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgp103. Epub 2009 Apr 29. Review.
Roff A, Wilson RT A novel SNP in a vitamin D response element of the CYP24A1 promoter reduces protein binding, transactivation, and gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 Nov;112(1-3):47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.08.009. Epub 2008 Sep 6. Erratum in: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jan;118(1-2):133.
Ross AC The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Public Health Nutr. 2011 May;14(5):938-9. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011000565.
Talwar SA, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Yeh JK Dose response to vitamin D supplementation among postmenopausal African American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Dec;86(6):1657-62.
Tang C, Chen N, Wu M, Yuan H, Du Y Fok1 polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene contributes to breast cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Sep;117(2):391-9. doi: 10.1007/s10549-008-0262-4. Epub 2009 Jan 6.
Thieden E, Jørgensen HL, Jørgensen NR, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC Sunbed radiation provokes cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in humans--a randomized controlled trial. Photochem Photobiol. 2008 Nov-Dec;84(6):1487-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00372.x. Epub 2008 May 29.
Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003 Mar 1;326(7387):469.
Williams GM, Hard GC Correspondence re: R. R. Love, The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial revisited. Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers & Prev., 2: 403-407, 1993. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994 Mar;3(2):185-6.
Wilson RT, Chase GA, Chrischilles EA, Wallace RB Hip fracture risk among community-dwelling elderly people in the United States: a prospective study of physical, cognitive, and socioeconomic indicators. Am J Public Health. 2006 Jul;96(7):1210-8. Epub 2006 May 30.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.