Visual Impairment — Cell Phone Application for Vision Assessment
Citation(s)
Alexander P, Rahi JS, Hingorani M Provision and cost of children's and young people's eye services in the UK: findings from a single primary care trust. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 May;93(5):645-9. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2008.149203. Epub 2008 Dec 19.
Anstice N, Spink J, Abdul-Rahman A Review of preschool vision screening referrals in South Auckland, New Zealand. Clin Exp Optom. 2012 Jul;95(4):442-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00713.x. Epub 2012 Apr 17.
Barry JC, König HH Test characteristics of orthoptic screening examination in 3 year old kindergarten children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jul;87(7):909-16. Erratum in: Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 Sep;87(9):1196.
Bastawrous A, Rono HK, Livingstone IA, Weiss HA, Jordan S, Kuper H, Burton MJ Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based Visual Acuity Test (Peek Acuity) for Clinical Practice and Community-Based Fieldwork. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015 Aug;133(8):930-7. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.1468. Erratum in: JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015 Sep;133(9):1096.
Joish VN, Malone DC, Miller JM A cost-benefit analysis of vision screening methods for preschoolers and school-age children. J AAPOS. 2003 Aug;7(4):283-90.
Miller JM, Dobson V, Harvey EM, Sherrill DL Cost-efficient vision screening for astigmatism in native american preschool children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Sep;44(9):3756-63.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
