Ventricular Septal Defect — Cardiopulmonary Function in Adults Born With a Ventricular Septal Defect
Citation(s)
Asschenfeldt B, Heiberg J, Ringgaard S, Maagaard M, Redington A, Hjortdal VE Impaired cardiac output during exercise in adults operated for ventricular septal defect in childhood: a hitherto unrecognised pathophysiological response. Cardiol Young. 2017 Oct;27(8):1591-1598. doi: 10.1017/S1047951117000877. Epub 2017 May 25.
Cheung MM, Smallhorn JF, McCrindle BW, Van Arsdell GS, Redington AN Non-invasive assessment of ventricular force-frequency relations in the univentricular circulation by tissue Doppler echocardiography: a novel method of assessing myocardial performance in congenital heart disease. Heart. 2005 Oct;91(10):1338-42.
DUBOIS AB, BOTELHO SY, BEDELL GN, MARSHALL R, COMROE JH Jr A rapid plethysmographic method for measuring thoracic gas volume: a comparison with a nitrogen washout method for measuring functional residual capacity in normal subjects. J Clin Invest. 1956 Mar;35(3):322-6.
Heiberg J, Laustsen S, Petersen AK, Hjortdal VE Reduced long-term exercise capacity in young adults operated for ventricular septal defect. Cardiol Young. 2015 Feb;25(2):281-7. doi: 10.1017/S1047951113002084. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
Heiberg J, Petersen AK, Laustsen S, Hjortdal VE Abnormal ventilatory response to exercise in young adults operated for ventricular septal defect in early childhood: A long-term follow-up. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Sep 1;194:2-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.071. Epub 2015 May 15.
Heiberg J, Schmidt MR, Redington A, Hjortdal VE Disrupted right ventricular force-frequency relationships in adults operated for ventricular septal defect as toddlers: abnormal peak force predicts peak oxygen uptake during exercise. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Dec 20;177(3):918-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Oct 28.
Horsley A Lung clearance index in the assessment of airways disease. Respir Med. 2009 Jun;103(6):793-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.01.025. Epub 2009 Feb 25. Review.
Johnson DC Importance of adjusting carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) for alveolar volume. Respir Med. 2000 Jan;94(1):28-37.
Larsen SH, Olsen M, Emmertsen K, Hjortdal VE Interventional Treatment of Patients With Congenital Heart Disease: Nationwide Danish Experience Over 39 Years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jun 6;69(22):2725-2732. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.587.
Maagaard M, Heiberg J, Asschenfeldt B, Ringgaard S, Hjortdal VE Does functional capacity depend on the size of the shunt? A prospective, cohort study of adults with small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017 Apr 1;51(4):722-727. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw420.
Maagaard M, Heiberg J, Hjortdal VE Small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects reveal poor exercise capacity compared with healthy peers: A prospective, cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Jan 15;227:631-634. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.086. Epub 2016 Oct 29. Erratum in: Int J Cardiol. 2017 Nov 15;247:54.
Selskab DC Anbefalinger for standardiseret minimumskrav til transthorakal ekkokardiografi hos voksne. In: Selskab DC, ed. Dansk Cardiologisk Selskab DCS: DCS, 2008.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.