Ventricular Function — Assessment of Right Ventricular Volume in Pediatric Patients
Citation(s)
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Geva T Repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the roles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluating pathophysiology and for pulmonary valve replacement decision support. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011 Jan 20;13(1):9. doi: 10.1186/1532-429X-13-9.
Kochav J, Simprini L, Weinsaft JW Imaging of the right heart--CT and CMR. Echocardiography. 2015 Jan;32 Suppl 1:S53-68. doi: 10.1111/echo.12212. Epub 2014 Sep 19.
Kutty S, Zhou J, Gauvreau K, Trincado C, Powell AJ, Geva T Regional dysfunction of the right ventricular outflow tract reduces the accuracy of Doppler tissue imaging assessment of global right ventricular systolic function in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011 Jun;24(6):637-43. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.01.020. Epub 2011 Mar 9.
Monaghan MJ Role of real time 3D echocardiography in evaluating the left ventricle. Heart. 2006 Jan;92(1):131-6. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.058388. No abstract available.
Ostenfeld E, Flachskampf FA Assessment of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by echocardiography: from geometric approximations to realistic shapes. Echo Res Pract. 2015 Mar 1;2(1):R1-R11. doi: 10.1530/ERP-14-0077. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
Renella P, Marx GR, Zhou J, Gauvreau K, Geva T Feasibility and reproducibility of three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in pediatric patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014 Aug;27(8):903-10. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.04.008. Epub 2014 May 14.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
