Venous Insufficiency — The Effect of Training on Hemodynamic Factors in Ballet Dancer
Citation(s)
Allen N, Nevill A, Brooks J, Koutedakis Y, Wyon M Ballet injuries: injury incidence and severity over 1 year. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Sep;42(9):781-90. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.3893. Epub 2012 Jul 19.
Gardner AM, Fox RH The venous pump of the human foot--preliminary report. Bristol Med Chir J. 1983 Jul;98(367):109-12.
Guss-West C, Wulf G Attentional Focus in Classical Ballet: A Survey Of Professional Dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2016 Mar;20(1):23-9. doi: 10.12678/1089-313X.20.1.23.
Kim TI, Forbang NI, Criqui MH, Allison MA Association of foot and ankle characteristics with progression of venous disease. Vasc Med. 2015 Apr;20(2):105-11. doi: 10.1177/1358863X14568443.
Pearson SJ, Whitaker AF Footwear in classical ballet: a study of pressure distribution and related foot injury in the adolescent dancer. J Dance Med Sci. 2012;16(2):51-6.
The Effect of Ballet Training on Plantar Venous Pump Activity in Ballerinas
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
