Urosepsis — Urosepsis in Patients With Urinary Tract Calculi Receiving Surgical Intervention
Citation(s)
Amier Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yao W, Wang S, Wei C, Yu X Analysis of Preoperative Risk Factors for Postoperative Urosepsis After Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Patients with Large Kidney Stones. J Endourol. 2022 Mar;36(3):292-297. doi: 10.1089/end.2021.0406.
Blackmur JP, Maitra NU, Marri RR, Housami F, Malki M, McIlhenny C Analysis of Factors' Association with Risk of Postoperative Urosepsis in Patients Undergoing Ureteroscopy for Treatment of Stone Disease. J Endourol. 2016 Sep;30(9):963-9. doi: 10.1089/end.2016.0300. Epub 2016 Jul 13.
Churpek MM, Snyder A, Han X, Sokol S, Pettit N, Howell MD, Edelson DP Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Early Warning Scores for Detecting Clinical Deterioration in Infected Patients outside the Intensive Care Unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr 1;195(7):906-911. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0854OC.
Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004 Aug;240(2):205-13. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000133083.54934.ae.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
