Urolithiasis — Multiomics Biomarkers for Urolithiasis
Citation(s)
Alexandroff AB, Jackson AM, Chisholm GD, James K Cytokine modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression on bladder cancer cells is not a major contributor to the antitumour activity of cytokines. Eur J Cancer. 1995 Nov;31A(12):2059-66. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00210-3.
Balbay D, Ozen H, Ozkardes H, Barut A, Bakkaloglu M, Tasar C, Remzi D Detection of urinary interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor, and tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with superficial bladder tumors after intravesical BCG immunotherapy. Urology. 1994 Feb;43(2):187-90. doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90042-6.
Eisner BH, Goldfarb DS A nomogram for the prediction of kidney stone recurrence. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec;25(12):2685-7. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014060631. Epub 2014 Aug 7. No abstract available.
Shum DK, Gohel MD, Tam PC Hyaluronans: crystallization-promoting activity and HPLC analysis of urinary excretion. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Nov;10 Suppl 14:S397-403.
Singal RK, Denstedt JD Contemporary management of ureteral stones. Urol Clin North Am. 1997 Feb;24(1):59-70. doi: 10.1016/s0094-0143(05)70354-2.
Wong MY, Li MK, Foo KT Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy using Storz Modulith SL20--the Singapore General Hospital experience. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1993 Nov;22(6):905-7.
Yamada K, Tanokura M, Kawano Y High-energy phosphate turnover in muscle contraction: time-resolved 31P NMR studies. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;315:185-95. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
