Urolithiasis — Perioperative Parameter and Treatment Outcomes of Urinary Calculi in Hong Kong
Citation(s)
Anagnostou T, Thompson T, Ng CF, Moussa S, Smith G, Tolley DA Safety and outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the elderly: retrospective comparison to a younger patient group. J Endourol. 2008 Sep;22(9):2139-45. doi: 10.1089/end.2007.0432.
Chan SW, Ng CF, Man CW, Chung R, Li SK A report on a randomly sampled questionnaire survey about renal stone disease in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2008 Dec;14(6):427-31.
Li JK, Teoh JY, Ng CF Updates in endourological management of urolithiasis. Int J Urol. 2019 Feb;26(2):172-183. doi: 10.1111/iju.13885. Epub 2018 Dec 21.
Ng CF, Luke S, Chiu PK, Teoh JY, Wong KT, Hou SS The effect of renal cortical thickness on the treatment outcomes of kidney stones treated with shockwave lithotripsy. Korean J Urol. 2015 May;56(5):379-85. doi: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.5.379. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
Ng CF, Wong A, Tolley DA A single-center experience of the usefulness of caliceal-pelvic height in three different lithotripters. J Endourol. 2008 Jul;22(7):1409-15. doi: 10.1089/end.2006.0448.
Ng CF The effect of age on outcomes in patients undergoing treatment for renal stones. Curr Opin Urol. 2009 Mar;19(2):211-4. doi: 10.1097/mou.0b013e32831e16b7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
