McAdams S, Shukla AR Pediatric extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Predicting successful outcomes. Indian J Urol. 2010 Oct;26(4):544-8. doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.74457.
Sabharwal S, Jeyaseelan L, Panda A, Gnanaraj L, Kekre NS, Devasia A A prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess the effect of diuretics on shockwave lithotripsy of calculi. Arab J Urol. 2017 Jul 8;15(4):289-293. doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2017.04.003. eCollection 2017 Dec.
Safarinejad MR Adult urolithiasis in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Urol Res. 2007 Apr;35(2):73-82. Epub 2007 Mar 15.
Sohu S, Soomro MH, Mangrio RH, Shaikh AA, Mirani A, Chand K, Jalbani MH Efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy with furosemide and hydration in renal stone management: A randomised controlled trial. Arab J Urol. 2019 Jul 24;17(4):279-284. doi: 10.1080/2090598X.2019.1645262. eCollection 2019.
Zomorrodi A, Golivandan J, Samady J Effect of diuretics on ureteral stone therapy with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008 May;19(3):397-400.
Effect of Furosemide on Outcome of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Renal and Ureteral Calculi; a Randomized, Triple-blinded, Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
