Atalay HA, Ulker V, Canat L, Ozer M, Can O, Penniston KL Validation of the Turkish version of the Wisconsin stone-quality of life questionnaire. Turk J Urol. 2018 Mar 16;45(2):118-123. doi: 10.5152/tud.2018.35305. Print 2019 Mar.
Penniston KL, Nakada SY Development of an instrument to assess the health related quality of life of kidney stone formers. J Urol. 2013 Mar;189(3):921-30. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.247. Epub 2012 Sep 24.
Penniston KL, Nakada SY Health related quality of life differs between male and female stone formers. J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2435-40; discussion 2440. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.009. Epub 2007 Oct 15.
Streeper NM, Wertheim ML, Nakada SY, Penniston KL Cystine Stone Formers Have Impaired Health-Related Quality of Life Compared with Noncystine Stone Formers: A Case-Referent Study Piloting the Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life Questionnaire Among Patients with Cystine Stones. J Endourol. 2017 Apr;31(S1):S48-S53. doi: 10.1089/end.2016.0564. Epub 2016 Nov 8.
Validation of the Wisconsin Stone-QOL, a Quality of Life Survey for Kidney Stone Formers
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
