Kahraman A, Basbakkal Z, Yalaz M Turkish Validity And Reliability Of Comfortneo Scale. International Refereed Journal of Nursing Research. 2014; 1: 1-11
Kaufman J, Knight AJ, Bryant PA, Babl FE, Dalziel K Liquid gold: the cost-effectiveness of urine sample collection methods for young precontinent children. Arch Dis Child. 2020 Mar;105(3):253-259. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317561. Epub 2019 Aug 23.
Kaufman J How to… collect urine samples from young children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2020 Jun;105(3):164-171. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317237. Epub 2019 Aug 23.
Korbel L, Howell M, Spencer JD The clinical diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2017 Nov;37(4):273-279. doi: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1382046. Epub 2017 Oct 5. Review.
Labrosse M, Levy A, Autmizguine J, Gravel J Evaluation of a New Strategy for Clean-Catch Urine in Infants. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3). pii: e20160573. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0573. Epub 2016 Aug 19.
SUBCOMMITTEE ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2-24 Months of Age. Pediatrics. 2016 Dec;138(6). pii: e20163026.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
