Urinary Tract Infections — Single Dose Aminoglycosides for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis in the Emergency Department Setting
Citation(s)
Ababneh M, Harpe S, Oinonen M, Polk RE Trends in aminoglycoside use and gentamicin-resistant gram-negative clinical isolates in US academic medical centers: implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012 Jun;33(6):594-601. doi: 10.1086/665724. Epub 2012 Apr 19.
Foxman B The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2010 Dec;7(12):653-60. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.190.
Goodlet KJ, Benhalima FZ, Nailor MD A Systematic Review of Single-Dose Aminoglycoside Therapy for Urinary Tract Infection: Is It Time To Resurrect an Old Strategy? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Dec 21;63(1):e02165-18. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02165-18. Print 2019 Jan.
Sanchez GV, Babiker A, Master RN, Luu T, Mathur A, Bordon J Antibiotic Resistance among Urinary Isolates from Female Outpatients in the United States in 2003 and 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Apr 22;60(5):2680-3. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02897-15. Print 2016 May.
Single Dose Aminoglycosides for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis in the Emergency Department Setting
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
