Urinary Tract Infections — HD5 Levels in Catheter Versus Bag Urine Specimens in Young Children for the Diagnosis of UTI
Citation(s)
Bonadio WA Urine culturing technique in febrile infants. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1987 Jun;3(2):75-8.
Caterino JM, Hains DS, Camargo CA, Quraishi SA, Saxena V, Schwaderer AL A Prospective, Observational Pilot Study of the Use of Urinary Antimicrobial Peptides in Diagnosing Emergency Department Patients With Positive Urine Cultures. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Oct;22(10):1226-30. doi: 10.1111/acem.12770. Epub 2015 Sep 16.
Downs SM Technical report: urinary tract infections in febrile infants and young children. The Urinary Tract Subcommittee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Quality Improvement. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr;103(4):e54.
Lee HE, Kim DK, Kang HK, Park K The diagnosis of febrile urinary tract infection in children may be facilitated by urinary biomarkers. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015 Jan;30(1):123-30. doi: 10.1007/s00467-014-2905-5. Epub 2014 Aug 16.
Sahsi RS, Carpenter CR Evidence-based emergency medicine/rational clinical examination abstract. Does this child have a urinary tract infection? Ann Emerg Med. 2009 May;53(5):680-4. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.05.031. Epub 2008 Jul 21.
Schmidt B, Copp HL Work-up of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection. Urol Clin North Am. 2015 Nov;42(4):519-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2015.05.011. Epub 2015 Aug 4. Review.
Spencer JD, Schwaderer A, McHugh K, Hains DS Pediatric urinary tract infections: an analysis of hospitalizations, charges, and costs in the USA. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010 Dec;25(12):2469-75. doi: 10.1007/s00467-010-1625-8. Epub 2010 Aug 14.
Spencer JD, Schwaderer AL, Becknell B, Watson J, Hains DS The innate immune response during urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014 Jul;29(7):1139-49. doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2513-9. Epub 2013 Jun 5. Review.
Whiting P, Westwood M, Watt I, Cooper J, Kleijnen J Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 5;5(1):4. Review.
Williams GJ, Macaskill P, Chan SF, Turner RM, Hodson E, Craig JC Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Apr;10(4):240-50. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70031-1. Review.
HD5 Levels in Catheter Versus Bag Urine Specimens in Young Children for the Diagnosis of UTI
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
