Barentsen JA, Visser E, Hofstetter H, Maris AM, Dekker JH, de Bock GH Severity, not type, is the main predictor of decreased quality of life in elderly women with urinary incontinence: a population-based study as part of a randomized controlled trial in primary care. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012 Dec 18;10:153. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-153.
Baztan JJ, Arias E, Gonzalez N, Rodriguez de Prada MI New-onset urinary incontinence and rehabilitation outcomes in frail older patients. Age Ageing. 2005 Mar;34(2):172-5. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afi001. No abstract available.
Eustice S, Roe B, Paterson J Prompted voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2000(2):CD002113. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002113.
Franken MG, Corro Ramos I, Los J, Al MJ The increasing importance of a continence nurse specialist to improve outcomes and save costs of urinary incontinence care: an analysis of future policy scenarios. BMC Fam Pract. 2018 Feb 17;19(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12875-018-0714-9.
García M Análisis descriptivo del gasto sanitario español: evolución, desglose, comparativa internacional y relación con la renta. [Internet] Instituto de Estudios Fiscales. I.S.S.N.: 1578-0252 Available in http://www.ief.es/documentos/recursos/publicaciones/papeles_trabajo/2006_24.pdf
Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE Management of urinary incontinence in women: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 25;291(8):986-95. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.8.986.
Lai CKY, Wan X Using Prompted Voiding to Manage Urinary Incontinence in Nursing Homes: Can It Be Sustained? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017 Jun 1;18(6):509-514. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.12.084. Epub 2017 Feb 22.
Lyons SS, Specht JKP Research-based protocol: prompted voiding for persons with urinary incontinence. The University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center, Research Development and Dissemination Core, 1999
Miner PB Jr Economic and personal impact of fecal and urinary incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1 Suppl 1):S8-13. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.056.
Terzoni S, Montanari E, Mora C, Destrebecq A Urinary incontinence in adults: nurses' beliefs, education and role in continence promotion. A narrative review. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2011 Dec;83(4):213-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
