Bogunovic L, Lee SX, Haro MS, Frank JM, Mather RC 3rd, Bush-Joseph CA, Nho SJ Application of the Goutallier/Fuchs Rotator Cuff Classification to the Evaluation of Hip Abductor Tendon Tears and the Clinical Correlation With Outcome After Repair. Arthroscopy. 2015 Nov;31(11):2145-51. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.04.101. Epub 2015 Jul 15.
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98.
Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Hunskaar S Help-seeking and associated factors in female urinary incontinence. The Norwegian EPINCONT Study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Trøndelag. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2002 Jun;20(2):102-7.
Hay-Smith J, Herderschee R, Dumoulin C, Herbison P Comparisons of approaches to pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women: an abridged Cochrane systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012 Dec;48(4):689-705. Review.
Jerez-Roig J, Santos MM, Souza DL, Amaral FL, Lima KC Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated factors in nursing home residents. Neurourol Urodyn. 2016 Jan;35(1):102-7. doi: 10.1002/nau.22675. Epub 2014 Oct 12.
Kiyoshige Y, Watanabe E Fatty degeneration of gluteus minimus muscle as a predictor of falls. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Jan-Feb;60(1):59-61. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.07.013. Epub 2014 Aug 1.
Ko Y, Lin SJ, Salmon JW, Bron MS The impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life of the elderly. Am J Manag Care. 2005 Jul;11(4 Suppl):S103-11.
Lammers K, Kluivers KB, Vierhout ME, Prokop M, Fütterer JJ Inter- and intraobserver reliability for diagnosing levator ani changes on magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Sep;42(3):347-52. doi: 10.1002/uog.12462.
Leroy LS, Lopes MH, Shimo AK Urinary incontinence in women and racial aspects: a literature review. Text Contex Nursing, 2012 Jul-Sept; 21(3):692-701
MacLachlan LS, Rovner ES New treatments for incontinence. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015 Jul;22(4):279-88. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2015.03.003. Review.
Morgan DM, Umek W, Stein T, Hsu Y, Guire K, DeLancey JO Interrater reliability of assessing levator ani muscle defects with magnetic resonance images. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007 Jul;18(7):773-8. Epub 2006 Oct 17.
Paiva LL, Ferla L, Darski C, Catarino BM, Ramos JG Pelvic floor muscle training in groups versus individual or home treatment of women with urinary incontinence: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2017 Mar;28(3):351-359. doi: 10.1007/s00192-016-3133-2. Epub 2016 Sep 9. Review.
Robert B Wallace ARH. Documentation of Physical Functioning Measured in the Health and Retirement Study and the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old Study. 2004.
Roe B, Flanagan L, Jack B, Barrett J, Chung A, Shaw C, Williams K Systematic review of the management of incontinence and promotion of continence in older people in care homes: descriptive studies with urinary incontinence as primary focus. J Adv Nurs. 2011 Feb;67(2):228-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05481.x. Epub 2010 Nov 24. Review.
Roe B, Flanagan L, Jack B, Shaw C, Williams K, Chung A, Barrett J Systematic review of descriptive studies that investigated associated factors with the management of incontinence in older people in care homes. Int J Older People Nurs. 2013 Mar;8(1):29-49. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2011.00300.x. Epub 2011 Dec 19. Review.
Stickley A, Santini ZI, Koyanagi A Urinary incontinence, mental health and loneliness among community-dwelling older adults in Ireland. BMC Urol. 2017 Apr 8;17(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s12894-017-0214-6.
Thom DH, Haan MN, Van Den Eeden SK Medically recognized urinary incontinence and risks of hospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality. Age Ageing. 1997 Sep;26(5):367-74.
Wu JM, Hundley AF, Fulton RG, Myers ER Forecasting the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in U.S. Women: 2010 to 2050. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1278-83. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2ce96.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.