Urinary Incontinence — Delivery Method and Risk for Urogenital Prolapse 15-20 Years Later
Citation(s)
Volløyhaug I, Mørkved S, Salvesen KÅ Association between pelvic floor muscle trauma and pelvic organ prolapse 20 years after delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 Jan;27(1):39-45. doi: 10.1007/s00192-015-2784-8.
Volløyhaug I, Mørkved S, Salvesen Ø, Salvesen K Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence 15-23 years after first delivery: a cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2015 Jun;122(7):964-71. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13322.
Volløyhaug I, Mørkved S, Salvesen Ø, Salvesen KÅ Assessment of pelvic floor muscle contraction with palpation, perineometry and transperineal ultrasound: a cross-sectional study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Jun;47(6):768-73. doi: 10.1002/uog.15731.
Volløyhaug I, Mørkved S, Salvesen Ø, Salvesen KÅ Forceps delivery is associated with increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse and muscle trauma: a cross-sectional study 16-24 years after first delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Oct;46(4):487-95. do
Delivery Method and Risk for Urogenital Prolapse 15-20 Years Later
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
