Urinary Incontinence — Comparison of Body and Room Temperature Saline in Urodynamics
Citation(s)
1 Klevmark, B, Volume threshold for micturation: Influence of filing rate on sensory and motor bladder function, Scandanavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology Supplementum 2002; 210:6-10 2. Wyandaele, J, The normal pattern of perception of bladder filling during cystometry studied in 38 young healthy volunteers, Journal of Urology 1998; 160(2):479-81 3. Pauwels, E, DeWatcher, S, Wyndaele, J, Normality of bladder filling studied in symptom-free middle-aged woman, Clinical Urology 2004; 171(4):1567-70 4. Chin-peuckert, L, Komlos, M, Rennick, J, Jednak, R, Capolicchio, J, Salle, J, What is the variability between two concescutive cystometries in the same child?, Clinical Urology 2003; 170(4):1614-7 5. Goodman, T, Kilborn, T, Pearce, R. Warm or cold contrast medium in the micturating cystourethrogram: which is best?, Clinical Radiology 2003; 58(7):551-4
Comparison of Urodynamic Volume Measurements Using Room and Body Temperature Saline
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
