Bertotto A, Schvartzman R, Uchoa S, Wender MCO Effect of electromyographic biofeedback as an add-on to pelvic floor muscle exercises on neuromuscular outcomes and quality of life in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Nov;36(8):2142-2147. doi: 10.1002/nau.23258. Epub 2017 May 16.
Bo K Physiotherapy management of urinary incontinence in females. J Physiother. 2020 Jul;66(3):147-154. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2020.06.011. Epub 2020 Jul 21. No abstract available.
Tugtepe H, Thomas DT, Ergun R, Kalyoncu A, Kaynak A, Kastarli C, Dagli TE The effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation therapy in patients with urinary incontinence resistant to initial medical treatment or biofeedback. J Pediatr Urol. 2015 Jun;11(3):137.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.10.016. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
Yates A Female pelvic floor 2: assessment and rehabilitation. Nursing Times 2019b. 2019;115(6):30-3
Effects of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises With and Without Knack Technique in Post-menopausal Women With Stress Urinary Incontinence
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
