Ultrasound — Neck Position and Ultrasound Landmark of Cricothyroid Membrane
Citation(s)
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Bair AE, Chima R The inaccuracy of using landmark techniques for cricothyroid membrane identification: a comparison of three techniques. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Aug;22(8):908-14. doi: 10.1111/acem.12732. Epub 2015 Jul 21.
Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C; Fourth National Audit Project Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2011 May;106(5):617-31. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer058. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
Elliott DS, Baker PA, Scott MR, Birch CW, Thompson JM Accuracy of surface landmark identification for cannula cricothyroidotomy. Anaesthesia. 2010 Sep;65(9):889-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06425.x. Erratum in: Anaesthesia. 2010 Dec;65(12):1258.
Katz JA 4th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Anesthesiology. 2012. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823cf122.
Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Rudolph SS, Hesselfeldt R, Børglum J, Tvede MF A randomised cross-over comparison of the transverse and longitudinal techniques for ultrasound-guided identification of the cricothyroid membrane in morbidly obese subjects. Anaesthesia. 2016 Jun;71(6):675-83. doi: 10.1111/anae.13465. Epub 2016 Apr 2.
Lamb A, Zhang J, Hung O, et al Exactitude du repérage de la membrane cricothyroïdienne par des stagiaires et des patrons en anesthésie dans un établissement canadien. Can J Anesth. 2015. doi:10.1007/s12630-015-0326-y.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
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Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
