Type 2 Diabetes — Spanish Diabetes Self-Management Program
Citation(s)
Holman H, Lorig K Perceived self-efficacy in self-management of chronic disease In: Schwartz R, ed. Self-Efficacy: Thought Control of Action. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing; 1992:305-323.
Lorig K, Gonzalez VM, Ritter P Community-based Spanish language arthritis education program: a randomized trial. Med Care. 1999 Sep;37(9):957-63.
Lorig K, Gonzlez V Community-based diabetes self-management education: definition and case study. Diabetes Spectrum 2000;13:234-238.
Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Jacquez A Outcomes of border health Spanish/English chronic disease self-management programs. Diabetes Educ. 2005 May-Jun;31(3):401-9.
Piette JD, Weinberger M, Kraemer FB, McPhee SJ Impact of automated calls with nurse follow-up on diabetes treatment outcomes in a Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2001 Feb;24(2):202-8.
Piette JD, Weinberger M, McPhee SJ The effect of automated calls with telephone nurse follow-up on patient-centered outcomes of diabetes care: a randomized, controlled trial. Med Care. 2000 Feb;38(2):218-30.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
