Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus — Gliflozins and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes (GIOIA)
Citation(s)
Esposito K, Longo M, Maiorino MI, Petrizzo M, Gicchino M, Bellastella G, Giugliano D Metabolic effectiveness of gliflozins and gliptins in the routine clinical practice of patients with type 2 diabetes: preliminary results from GIOIA, a prospective multicentre study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Sep;155:107787. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107787. Epub 2019 Jul 19.
Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Esposito K Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: from medication nonadherence to residual vascular risk. Endocrine. 2018 Jul;61(1):23-27. doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1517-9. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Longo M, Esposito K Are gliflozins the new statins for diabetes? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Jul;153:191-193. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.04.014. Epub 2019 Apr 5. No abstract available.
Longo M, Caruso P, Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Capuano A, Esposito K, Giugliano D Two years with GIOIA 'Effects of gliflozins and gliptins on markers of cardiovascular damage in type 2 diabetes': A prospective, multicentre, quasi-experimental study on sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in diabetes clinical practice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024 Apr;26(4):1492-1501. doi: 10.1111/dom.15451. Epub 2024 Jan 17.
Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, De Nicola L, Bellastella G, Esposito K Renal and metabolic effects of SGLT-2i and DPP-4i according to basal estimated glomerular filtration rate: Analysis from GIOIA, an observational prospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021 Aug;178:108990. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108990. Epub 2021 Jul 29.
Effects of Gliflozins on Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes (GIOIA): a Multicenter Pragmatic Prospective Cohort Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
