Alessa T, Szeto A, Chacra W, Mendez A, Goldberg RB High HDL-C prevalence is common in type 1 diabetes and increases with age but is lower in Hispanic individuals. J Diabetes Complications. 2015 Jan-Feb;29(1):105-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.08.011. Epub 2014 Sep 6.
Aryangat AV, Gerich JE Type 2 diabetes: postprandial hyperglycemia and increased cardiovascular risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010 Mar 24;6:145-55. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.s8216.
Bagi Z, Broskova Z, Feher A Obesity and coronary microvascular disease - implications for adipose tissue-mediated remote inflammatory response. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2014 May;12(3):453-61. doi: 10.2174/1570161112666140423221843.
Barletta G, Del Bene MR Myocardial perfusion echocardiography and coronary microvascular dysfunction. World J Cardiol. 2015 Dec 26;7(12):861-74. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i12.861.
Bonke FC, Donnachie E, Schneider A, Mehring M Association of the average rate of change in HbA1c with severe adverse events: a longitudinal evaluation of audit data from the Bavarian Disease Management Program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2016 Feb;59(2):286-93. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3797-z. Epub 2015 Oct 30.
Cavalot F, Petrelli A, Traversa M, Bonomo K, Fiora E, Conti M, Anfossi G, Costa G, Trovati M Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):813-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1005. Epub 2005 Dec 13.
Ceriello A The emerging role of post-prandial hyperglycaemic spikes in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabet Med. 1998 Mar;15(3):188-93. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199803)15:33.0.CO;2-V. No abstract available.
Chai W, Liu J, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Barrett EJ, Liu Z Salsalate attenuates free fatty acid-induced microvascular and metabolic insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jul;34(7):1634-8. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2345. Epub 2011 May 26.
Chan A, Barrett EJ, Anderson SM, Kovatchev BP, Breton MD Muscle microvascular recruitment predicts insulin sensitivity in middle-aged patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2012 Mar;55(3):729-36. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2402-3. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
Goto A, Goto M, Terauchi Y, Yamaguchi N, Noda M Association Between Severe Hypoglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Mar 9;5(3):e002875. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002875. Erratum In: J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Jun;5(6). pii: e002075. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.002075.
Jamiolkowska M, Jamiolkowska I, Luczynski W, Tolwinska J, Bossowski A, Glowinska Olszewska B Impact of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use on Glucose Variability and Endothelial Function in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: New Technology--New Possibility to Decrease Cardiovascular Risk? J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:4385312. doi: 10.1155/2016/4385312. Epub 2015 Nov 16.
Kovatchev B, Cobelli C Glucose Variability: Timing, Risk Analysis, and Relationship to Hypoglycemia in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016 Apr;39(4):502-10. doi: 10.2337/dc15-2035.
Larghat AM, Swoboda PP, Biglands JD, Kearney MT, Greenwood JP, Plein S The microvascular effects of insulin resistance and diabetes on cardiac structure, function, and perfusion: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Dec;15(12):1368-76. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu142. Epub 2014 Aug 12.
Lee CL, Sheu WH, Lee IT, Lin SY, Liang WM, Wang JS, Li YF Trajectories of fasting plasma glucose variability and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2018 Mar;44(2):121-128. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.09.001. Epub 2017 Oct 9.
Liu J, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Barrett EJ, Cao W, Liu Z Free fatty acids induce insulin resistance in both cardiac and skeletal muscle microvasculature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):438-46. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1174. Epub 2010 Nov 3.
Miller RG, Costacou T, Orchard TJ Risk Factor Modeling for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study: A Comparison With the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC). Diabetes. 2019 Feb;68(2):409-419. doi: 10.2337/db18-0515. Epub 2018 Nov 8.
Monnier L, Colette C, Owens DR Glycemic variability: the third component of the dysglycemia in diabetes. Is it important? How to measure it? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008 Nov;2(6):1094-100. doi: 10.1177/193229680800200618.
Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, Colette C Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1681-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.14.1681.
Ohkuma T, Komorita Y, Peters SAE, Woodward M Diabetes as a risk factor for heart failure in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 cohorts including 12 million individuals. Diabetologia. 2019 Sep;62(9):1550-1560. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4926-x. Epub 2019 Jul 18.
Priya G, Kalra S A Review of Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Is There a Place for Adjunctive Metformin? Diabetes Ther. 2018 Feb;9(1):349-361. doi: 10.1007/s13300-017-0333-9. Epub 2017 Nov 14.
Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Martinelli L, Motz E, Ceriello A Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis related to oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: the role of protein kinase C and NAD(P)H-oxidase activation. Diabetes. 2003 Nov;52(11):2795-804. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.11.2795.
Risso A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, Damante G, Ceriello A Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;281(5):E924-30. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.E924.
Saisho Y Glycemic variability and oxidative stress: a link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease? Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Oct 13;15(10):18381-406. doi: 10.3390/ijms151018381.
Su G, Mi SH, Tao H, Li Z, Yang HX, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Tian L Impact of admission glycemic variability, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin on major adverse cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 2013 Apr;36(4):1026-32. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0925. Epub 2013 Jan 24.
Su MY, Lin LY, Tseng YH, Chang CC, Wu CK, Lin JL, Tseng WY CMR-verified diffuse myocardial fibrosis is associated with diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Oct;7(10):991-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.04.022. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
Tang X, Li S, Wang Y, Wang M, Yin Q, Mu P, Lin S, Qian X, Ye X, Chen Y Glycemic variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring system is associated with the 10-y cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients with well-controlled HbA1c. Clin Chim Acta. 2016 Oct 1;461:146-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.08.004. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
Wan EY, Fung CS, Fong DY, Lam CL Association of variability in hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular diseases and mortality in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - A retrospective population-based cohort study. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Sep-Oct;30(7):1240-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.024. Epub 2016 May 31.
Wightman SS, Sainsbury CAR, Jones GC Visit-to-visit HbA1c variability and systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability are significantly and additively associated with mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes: An observational study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Apr;20(4):1014-1017. doi: 10.1111/dom.13193. Epub 2018 Jan 18.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.