Tuberculosis — Silicosis and Silicotuberculosis Among Small Scale Gemstone Miners in Northern Tanzania
Citation(s)
Dennis E, Mussa H, Sanga MP, Howlett P, Nyakunga G Silicosis and silicotuberculosis among respiratory hospital admissions: A cross-sectional survey in northern Tanzania. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med. 2023 Sep 19;29(3):10.7196/AJTCCM.2023.v29i3.269. doi: 10.7196/AJTCCM.2023.v29i3.269. eCollection 2023.
Ehrlich R, Akugizibwe P, Siegfried N, Rees D The association between silica exposure, silicosis and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2021 May 20;21(1):953. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10711-1.
Ehrlich R, Murray J, Rees D Subradiological silicosis. Am J Ind Med. 2018 Nov;61(11):877-885. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22909. Epub 2018 Sep 21.
Howlett P, Mousa H, Said B, Mbuya A, Kon OM, Mpagama S, Feary J Silicosis, tuberculosis and silica exposure among artisanal and small-scale miners: A systematic review and modelling paper. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023 Sep 21;3(9):e0002085. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002085. eCollection 2023.
Mbuya AW, Mboya IB, Semvua HH, Msuya SE, Howlett PJ, Mamuya SH Concentrations of respirable crystalline silica and radon among tanzanite mining communities in Mererani, Tanzania. Ann Work Expo Health. 2024 Jan 8;68(1):48-57. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxad062.
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Silicosis and Silicotuberculosis Among Small Scale Gemstone Miners in Northern Tanzania: SilicoTB
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
