Tuberculosis — Evaluation of Point-of-care Ultrasound in Children From 6 Months to 15 Years With Presumptive Tuberculosis
Citation(s)
Abrokwa SK, Ruby LC, Heuvelings CC, Belard S Task shifting for point of care ultrasound in primary healthcare in low- and middle-income countries-a systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Mar 6;45:101333. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101333. eCollection 2022 Mar.
Belard S, Heller T, Grobusch MP, Zar HJ Point-of-care ultrasound: a simple protocol to improve diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol. 2014 Jun;44(6):679-80. doi: 10.1007/s00247-014-2971-7. Epub 2014 May 23. No abstract available.
Griesel R, Cohen K, Mendelson M, Maartens G Abdominal Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Inpatients With World Health Organization Danger Signs. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Apr 7;6(4):ofz094. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz094. eCollection 2019 Apr.
Heller T, Wallrauch C, Goblirsch S, Brunetti E Focused assessment with sonography for HIV-associated tuberculosis (FASH): a short protocol and a pictorial review. Crit Ultrasound J. 2012 Nov 21;4(1):21. doi: 10.1186/2036-7902-4-21.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
