Traumatic Brain Injury — Translation of Modified Fatigue Impact Scale in Urdu Language
Citation(s)
Hebert JR, Forster JE, Stearns-Yoder KA, Penzenik ME, Brenner LA Persistent Symptoms and Objectively Measured Balance Performance Among OEF/OIF Veterans With Remote Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2018 Nov/Dec;33(6):403-411. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000385.
Khalil H, Al-Shorman A, Alghwiri AA, Abdo N, El-Salem K, Shalabi S, Aburub A Cross cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of an Arabic version of the modified fatigue impact scale in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019 Nov 29;39:101878. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101878. Online ahead of print.
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Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
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Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
