Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Verber MD, Hischke D, Hoffmann RG, Franco J, Varma RR, Rao SM Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Apr;102(4):754-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01048.x. Epub 2007 Jan 11.
Datta SG, Pillai SV, Rao SL, Kovoor JM, Chandramouli BA Post-concussion syndrome: Correlation of neuropsychological deficits, structural lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and symptoms. Neurol India. 2009 Sep-Oct;57(5):594-8. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.57810.
Gorenstein C, Andrade L Validation of a Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Brazilian subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1996 Apr;29(4):453-7.
King NS Post-concussion syndrome: clarity amid the controversy? Br J Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;183:276-8. doi: 10.1192/bjp.183.4.276. No abstract available.
Lesniak M, Polanowska K, Seniow J, Czlonkowska A Effects of repeated anodal tDCS coupled with cognitive training for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014 May-Jun;29(3):E20-9. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e318292a4c2.
McArthur DL, Chute DJ, Villablanca JP Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: epidemiologic, imaging and neuropathologic perspectives. Brain Pathol. 2004 Apr;14(2):185-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00052.x.
Prigatano GP, Gale SD The current status of postconcussion syndrome. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 May;24(3):243-50. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328344698b.
Wood RL Understanding the 'miserable minority': a diasthesis-stress paradigm for post-concussional syndrome. Brain Inj. 2004 Nov;18(11):1135-53. doi: 10.1080/02699050410001675906.
tDCS in Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome: Randomized Crossover Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
