Trauma — Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasound for Primary Survey of Traumatic Long Bone Fractures
Citation(s)
Chartier LB, Bosco L, Lapointe-Shaw L, Chenkin J Use of point-of-care ultrasound in long bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CJEM. 2017 Mar;19(2):131-142. doi: 10.1017/cem.2016.397. Epub 2016 Dec 5.
Nicholson JA, Makaram N, Simpson A, Keating JF Fracture nonunion in long bones: A literature review of risk factors and surgical management. Injury. 2021 Jun;52 Suppl 2:S3-S11. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.11.029. Epub 2020 Nov 11.
O'Brien AJ, Moussa MA Using ultrasound to diagnose long bone fractures. JAAPA. 2020 Feb;33(2):33-37. doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000651736.02537.ef.
Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasound for Primary Survey of Traumatic Long Bone Fractures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
