Transplantation — Observational Study on the Variation of Ascorbic Acid in Patients Undergoing Solid Organ Transplantation
Citation(s)
Borran M, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Alamdari A, Naderi N Vitamin C and kidney transplantation: Nutritional status, potential efficacy, safety, and interactions. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021 Feb;41:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.12.017. Epub 2021 Jan 9.
Frei B, Stocker R, England L, Ames BN Ascorbate: the most effective antioxidant in human blood plasma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990;264:155-63. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5730-8_24.
Hill A, Borgs C, Fitzner C, Stoppe C Perioperative Vitamin C and E levels in Cardiac Surgery Patients and Their Clinical Significance. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 9;11(9):2157. doi: 10.3390/nu11092157.
Shi S, Xue F Current Antioxidant Treatments in Organ Transplantation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:8678510. doi: 10.1155/2016/8678510. Epub 2016 Jun 15.
Wang Y, Lin H, Lin BW, Lin JD Effects of different ascorbic acid doses on the mortality of critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2019 May 20;9(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0532-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
