Anolik JH, Looney RJ, Lund FE, Randall TD, Sanz I Insights into the heterogeneity of human B cells: diverse functions, roles in autoimmunity, and use as therapeutic targets. Immunol Res. 2009 Dec;45(2-3):144-58. doi: 10.1007/s12026-009-8096-7. Epub 2009 Apr 7.
Halloran PF Immunosuppressive drugs for kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 23;351(26):2715-29. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra033540. No abstract available. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1056.
Moens L, Wuyts M, Meyts I, De Boeck K, Bossuyt X Human memory B lymphocyte subsets fulfill distinct roles in the anti-polysaccharide and anti-protein immune response. J Immunol. 2008 Oct 15;181(8):5306-12. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5306.
Rehnberg M, Amu S, Tarkowski A, Bokarewa MI, Brisslert M Short- and long-term effects of anti-CD20 treatment on B cell ontogeny in bone marrow of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(4):R123. doi: 10.1186/ar2789. Epub 2009 Aug 17.
Sanz I, Wei C, Lee FE, Anolik J Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human memory B cells. Semin Immunol. 2008 Feb;20(1):67-82. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.006. Epub 2008 Feb 6.
Smith SH, Cancro MP Cutting edge: B cell receptor signals regulate BLyS receptor levels in mature B cells and their immediate progenitors. J Immunol. 2003 Jun 15;170(12):5820-3. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.5820.
Stegall MD, Raghavaiah S, Gloor JM The (re)emergence of B cells in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2010 Aug;15(4):451-5. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32833b9c11.
Thien M, Phan TG, Gardam S, Amesbury M, Basten A, Mackay F, Brink R Excess BAFF rescues self-reactive B cells from peripheral deletion and allows them to enter forbidden follicular and marginal zone niches. Immunity. 2004 Jun;20(6):785-98. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.05.010.
Vadasz Z, Toubi E [Belimumab--the biological drug for systemic lupus erythematosus: as discussed during the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) conference - 2012]. Harefuah. 2013 May;152(5):304-6. No abstract available. Hebrew.
Woodland RT, Schmidt MR Homeostatic proliferation of B cells. Semin Immunol. 2005 Jun;17(3):209-17. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.02.006.
Xu H, He X, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Shi D, Zhang X The abnormal high expression of B cell activating factor belonging to TNF superfamily (BAFF) and its potential role in kidney transplant recipients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2008 Dec;5(6):465-70. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2008.58.
The Role of B Cells in Kidney Allograft Dysfunction
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
