Jabalameli M, Pakzadmoghadam SH Adding different doses of intrathecal magnesium sulfate for spinal anesthesia in the cesarean section: A prospective double blind randomized trial. Adv Biomed Res. 2012;1:7. doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.94430. Epub 2012 May 11.
Jellish WS, Zhang X, Langen KE, Spector MS, Scalfani MT, White FA Intrathecal magnesium sulfate administration at the time of experimental ischemia improves neurological functioning by reducing acute and delayed loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Anesthesiology. 2008 Jan;108(1):78-86.
Khalili G, Janghorbani M, Sajedi P, Ahmadi G Effects of adjunct intrathecal magnesium sulfate to bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia: a randomized, double-blind trial in patients undergoing lower extremity surgery. J Anesth. 2011 Dec;25(6):892-7. doi: 10.1007/s00540-011-1227-z. Epub 2011 Sep 18.
Khezri MB, Yaghobi S, Hajikhani M, Asefzadeh S Comparison of postoperative analgesic effect of intrathecal magnesium and fentanyl added to bupivacaine in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2012 Mar;50(1):19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.aat.2012.03.001. Epub 2012 Mar 31.
Malleeswaran S, Panda N, Mathew P, Bagga R A randomised study of magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine in patients with mild preeclampsia undergoing caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010 Apr;19(2):161-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.08.007. Epub 2010 Feb 18.
Nath MP, Garg R, Talukdar T, Choudhary D, Chakrabarty A To evaluate the efficacy of intrathecal magnesium sulphate for hysterectomy under subarachnoid block with bupivacaine and fentanyl: A prospective randomized double blind clinical trial. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012 Jul;6(3):254-8. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.101217.
Ouerghi S, Fnaeich F, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Merghli A, Mebazaa MS, Kilani T, Ben Ammar MS The effect of adding intrathecal magnesium sulphate to morphine-fentanyl spinal analgesia after thoracic surgery. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled research study. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2011 Jan;30(1):25-30. doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2010.10.018. Epub 2010 Dec 8.
Shukla D, Verma A, Agarwal A, Pandey HD, Tyagi C Comparative study of intrathecal dexmedetomidine with intrathecal magnesium sulfate used as adjuvants to bupivacaine. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Oct;27(4):495-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.86594.
Unlugenc H, Ozalevli M, Gunduz M, Gunasti S, Urunsak IF, Guler T, Isik G Comparison of intrathecal magnesium, fentanyl, or placebo combined with bupivacaine 0.5% for parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009 Mar;53(3):346-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01864.x. Epub 2009 Jan 23.
Intrathecal Magnesium Associated to Lidocaine Decreases the Incidence of the Transitory Neurologic Syndrome Following Same-day-surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
