Tooth Extraction — Is the Direct Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Required for Third Lower Molar Extraction?
Citation(s)
Berini Aytés L, Gay Escoda C, Uribarri A Técnica de anestesia por bloqueo en la mandíbula. En: Berini Aytés L, Gay Escoda C. (eds.). Anestesia Odontológica, 3o ed. Madrid: Avances médico- dentales; 2005. p. 253-79.
El-Kholey KE Infiltration anesthesia for extraction of the mandibular molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013 Oct;71(10):1658.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.06.203.
Gaffen AS, Haas DA Retrospective review of voluntary reports of nonsurgical paresthesia in dentistry. J Can Dent Assoc. 2009 Oct;75(8):579.
Garisto GA, Gaffen AS, Lawrence HP, Tenenbaum HC, Haas DA Occurrence of paresthesia after dental local anesthetic administration in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010 Jul;141(7):836-44. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc. 2010 Aug;141(8):944.
Gay Escoda C, Berini Aytés Técnicas anestésicas en Cirugía Bucal. En: Tratado de Cirugía Bucal. Madrid: Ergon; 2004. p. 155-98
Hillerup S, Jensen R Nerve injury caused by mandibular block analgesia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 May;35(5):437-43. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
Hillerup S, Jensen RH, Ersbøll BK Trigeminal nerve injury associated with injection of local anesthetics: needle lesion or neurotoxicity? J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 May;142(5):531-9.
Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Corbett IP, Meechan JG Articaine and lidocaine mandibular buccal infiltration anesthesia: a prospective randomized double-blind cross-over study. J Endod. 2006 Apr;32(4):296-8. Epub 2006 Feb 17.
Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Corbett IP, Meechan JG Articaine buccal infiltration enhances the effectiveness of lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block. Int Endod J. 2009 Mar;42(3):238-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01507.x.
Malamed SF, Gagnon S, Leblanc D Articaine hydrochloride: a study of the safety of a new amide local anesthetic. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001 Feb;132(2):177-85.
Meechan JG, Jaber AA, Corbett IP, Whitworth JM Buccal versus lingual articaine infiltration for mandibular tooth anaesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2011 Jul;44(7):676-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01878.x. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
Meechan JG Infiltration anesthesia in the mandible. Dent Clin North Am. 2010 Oct;54(4):621-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2010.06.003. Review.
Meechan JG The use of the mandibular infiltration anesthetic technique in adults. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Sep;142 Suppl 3:19S-24S. Review.
Moore PA, Haas DA Paresthesias in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am. 2010 Oct;54(4):715-30. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2010.06.016. Review.
Pogrel MA, Thamby S Permanent nerve involvement resulting from inferior alveolar nerve blocks. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 Jul;131(7):901-7. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc 2000 Oct;131(10):1418.
Renton T, Adey-Viscuso D, Meechan JG, Yilmaz Z Trigeminal nerve injuries in relation to the local anaesthesia in mandibular injections. Br Dent J. 2010 Nov;209(9):E15. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.978.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.